• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2012

In this study, the antioxidant property of leaf and callus extracts of five selected in vitro grown Ocimum species (Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, and Ocimum americanum) and their respective callus extracts was investigated. The callus cultures were successfully initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (1mg L) combined with different concentrations (0.1-0.4 mg L) of kinetin as plant growth regulators. Total phenolic contents were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating activity, and ${\beta}$-carotenelinoleic acid bleaching assays were used to determine the biological effects of the extracts. Interestingly, all the callus extracts exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, a liner correlation was obtained between the total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity ($R^2$ = 0.783). The extracts of leaves and calluses of Ocimum species exhibited activity in all the in vitro antioxidant assays, but its extent was less potent that the positive controls butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid. A higher accumulation of phenolics in the callus extracts suggests that isolation of high-concentration materials with antioxidant activivity is possible from in vitro callus cultures rather than field-grown plant organs. Furthermore, these extracts may be used as an effective preservative in the food industry.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2012

Iris dichotoma Pall. is an important endangered plant belonging to the family Iridaceae. A method was developed for the rapid micropropagation of I. dichotoma through plant regeneration from leaf, rhizome, and root explant-derived calli. Leaf, rhizome, and root segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D; $0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) for callus induction. Callus production was highest at $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2,4-D, where 73.8% and 45.5% of cultured rhizome and root cuttings, respectively, produced calli. The viable calli were maintained at an induced concentration of 2,4-D ($3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). They were then transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-D ($0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) in combination with 6-benzyladenine (BA: 0, 1.0 and $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) for adventitious shoot regeneration. The addition of a low concentration of 2,4-D into BA-containing medium significantly increased the frequency of shoot regeneration in leaf, rhizome, and root-derived calli. The highest number of adventitious shoots (26.4 per callus) formed at $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l BA. For rooting of the shoots, half- strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) $0-3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was tested. The optimal results were observed using half-strength MS medium supplemented with $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ IBA, on which 98% of the regenerated shoots developed roots with an average of 3.5 roots per shoot within 45 days. The plantlets raised in vitro were acclimatized and transferred to soil with 95% success. This in vitro propagation protocol will be useful for conservation and mass propagation of this endangered plant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1996

The experiments were conducted to identify the herbicidal effect of 2,4-D{ (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid}, 2,4-D ethylester {ethyl 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetate} and bentazon{3- isopropyl-1H-2,1,3- benzothiazin- 4-(3H)one 2,2-dioxide} on Sagittaria trifolia. Both 2,4-D and 2,4-D ethylester could completely control S. trifolia when applied before 80 days after transplanting of the tubers (DAT), but the weeding effect by bentazone decreased when applied after 60 DAT. 2,4-D and 2,4-D ethylester were effectively translocated from the treated parts to growing point. They killed S. trifolia completely when applied at 80 DAT under 3cm standing water depths, but the controlling effect by bentazone decreased at deeper than 1cm standing water depth. Formation of S. trifolia tuber was effectively suppressed with 2,4-D at 7g ai/10a and 2,4-D ethylester at 6g ai/10a when applied 60 DAT.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.4 s.29
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• pp.185-191
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• 1976

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 2,4-D amine salt (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) 40EC in broadleaf weeds control under diverse conditions of rate and time of application and soil type in fall barley field. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) At the rate of 70cc prod./10a, 2,4-D amine salt treated during the fully tillered stage of barley was effective for the control of most broadleaf weeds without crop injury. 2) The fully tillered stage was a optimun time lot the application of 2,4-D amine salt in fall barley. Earlier(zero-to four-leaf stage) or late. (boot stage to flowering) application than this stage caused a crop injury and resulted in yield reduction. 3) It was possible to safely use 2,4-D amine salt in fall barley regardless of soil types if applied the rate of 70cc prod./10a at the fully tillered stage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.368-376
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• 2013

The optimal condition for Morus alba cv was an MS culture medium at $27^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Cheongmoknosang callus showed inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori at 1.05 g of wet weight of the cultured callus. The callus formation of Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang was influenced by naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and kinetin at concentrations of 2 mg/l. The growth rate of callus was higher than it was when these hormones were mixed with a single hormone. Thus, the optimal condition for direct callogenesis was to incubate with mixture (2,4-D/NAA) of 2 mg/l concentration at $27^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Moreover, the optimal culture condition of the biomass in the mass production of inhibitory compounds against Helicobacter pylori from Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang callus was to incubate in an MS broth (each concentration 1 mg/l of 2,4-D and BA). When Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang callus were incubated for 20 days in a bioreactor, Helicobacter pylori inhibition of callus extracts was the highest at a clear zone of 16 mm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 1987

To examine the morphogenetic response, stem segments of 8 Populus spp. and 3 different explants of P. nigra var. italica were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) and WPM (Woody Plant Medium) medium containing various phytohormones. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Shoot regeneration and development from stem segment of 8 Populus spp. showed a quite difference according to the section and the species. All of the species of Leuce and Tacamahaca section did not form adventitious buds, while most of explants showed axillary or dormant bud elongation after 4 weeks. But P. nigra var. italica of Aigeiros section showed a successful adventitious bud formation (mean 5.4 buds per explant). 2. Leaf, petiole, and internode segment of P. nigra var. italica showed a quite differences according to media and ex plants upon the morphogenetic response. Adventitious bud formation from leaf was more abundant and readily initiated on the abaxial side than on the adaxial side. Mean number of 103 adventitious buds per explant was obtained from abaxial side of leaf segment cultured on WPM medium containing $0.2mg/{\ell}$ BAP for 5 weeks. 3. 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) supplemented to media appeared to be negative upon the adventitious bud formation of P. nigra var. italica, while it promoted callus formation from all explants. Especially, NAA (${\alpha}$-naphtalene acetic acid) or NAA combination with BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) promoted root regeneration from the all explant of P. nigra var. italica in this study.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2013

Iris odaesanensis Y. N. Lee. is an important endangered and native plant belonging to the family Iridaceae in Korea. This study describes a method for rapid micropropagation of this species via from leaf, rhizome and root explants derived calli. Leaf, rhizome and root explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction. Rhizome explants yielded calli at a frequency of 72% when cultured at 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D. Calli were maintained at 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D. These calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D in combination with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/l BA for adventitious shoot induction. The highest number of adventitious shoot (228.9 per petri-dish) were formed at 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l BA. WPM medium was the best to convert calli into plantlets, where up to 98.2% of calli were regenerated into plantlets. This in vitro propagation protocol should be useful for conservation of this endangered plant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelation between herbicide and insecticide and fungicide on rice (Oryza saliva L.) at various growth stages. Carbamate insecticide BPMC (2-sec-butylphenylmethyl-carbamate) severely inhibited germination of rice when applied alone and in combination with herbicides tested. No germination inhibition was obtained with thio- and dithiocarbamate pesticides. Post-germination growth of rice was severely inhibited by the treatments which were combined with BPMC irrespective of herbicides studied. Phytotoxicity of pendimethalin (3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylamine) was reduced by antagonistic effect of organophosphorus compounds. When herbicides were applied with either insecticide or fungicide, post-germination growth of rice was more greatly affected by the concentration of herbicides than that of insecticides or fungicides. Most of herbicide-insecticide or herbicide-fungicide treatments did not cause great phytotoxicity on rice when applied 5 days after transplanting. Foliage activity of phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and MCPA [(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy acetic acid] increased with addition of carbamate and urea pesticides.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.511-515
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• 2013

Hypocotyls explants of melon seedling were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L benzyl aminopurine (BA) for 6 weeks to produce somatic embryos. In somatic embryos produced through intervening bright yellow friable (BYF) from the explants, somatic embryos with two-cotyledon (26%) and horn-type cotyledon (74%) were observed. The procambial strand of cotyledons was originated from circular procambial tissues of lower hypocotyls. The circular procambial independently divided into two procambial strand at the edge of cotyledonary-node, and then connected to each cotyledon to form somatic embryos with two-cotyledon. When cotyledon was horn-type, the circular procambial strand in lower hypocotyls would continuously remain connected to the cotyledon. However, somatic embryos with two or horn type cotyledon formed an abnormal shoot apex without the tunica-corpus structure or dome shape in the inter-cotyledonary area. These results demonstrated that the variation of cotyledon in somatic embryos was closely related to procambial tissue differentiation and shoot apical formation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 1999

The conditions for callus formation and plant regeneration were confirmed in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Among SH (Schenk and Hildebrandt), MS (Murashige and Skoog) and N6 medium (Chu), SH medium was highest degree of efficiencies respectively in callus formation and plant regeneration. In this study, we determined volume of hormones and other compounds appended in media. For callus formation, only $3mg/{\ell}$ of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) was appended in their media. For plant regeneration, we used BOi2Y medium (Bingham et al.). We obtained birdsfoot trefoil plants from callus by regeneration, about sixty days later transfer calli to regeneration media.