• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Bacillus-fermented Scutellariae Radix acupuncture solution (SB) on interleukin(IL) production in mouse macrophage stimulatedby lipopolysaccaride(LPS). Methods : Productions of interleukins were measured y High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$(multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. To begin with, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS(1 ${\mu}g/mL$) and SB for 24 hour. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conj${\mu}g$ated beads for 30 minutes. And detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. After incubating for 30 minutes, Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin(SAPE) was then added. Incubating for another 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-3($9.15{\pm}0.35$ pg/mL) by $6.92{\pm}0.05,\;7.21{\pm}0.11,\;6.96{\pm}0.33,\;and\;7.45{\pm}0.74$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-5($7.30{\pm}0.48$ pg/mL) by $6.50{\pm}0.29,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;and\;5.80{\pm}0.25$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mg}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productiion of IL-9($17.26{\pm}0.19$ pg/mL) by $15.01{\pm}0.43$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productioh of IL-13($187.80{\pm}2.90$ pg/mL) by $152.80{\pm}4.25,\;172.80{\pm}3.97,\;162.10{\pm}6.67,\;and\;165.30{\pm}11.80$ pg/mL at the concentration fo 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-17($18.30{\pm}0.95$ pg/mL) by $13.30{\pm}1.25,\;13.80{\pm}1.11,\;13.30{\pm}0.75,\;and\;14.00{\pm}1.08$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-23($43.90{\pm}0.83$ pg/mL by $39.50{\pm}1.26,\;38.00{\pm}1.78,\;and\;39.60{\pm}2.49$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that SB has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibition of IL-3, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 production in macrophages.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2006

The objective of the study was to assess the general characteristics and motility characteristics with Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA) system in Jeju horse semen. Semen was collected from 5 fertile Jeju horse by use of a Missouri type artificial vagina. Semen volume and pH were recorded, and sperm concentration was determined with a hematocytometer and motional characteristics of sperm were analysed by CASA. The viability and morphological abnormalities were assessed by a vital staining. The average volume of ejaculates was 42.5 ml and the average of sperm concentration was $198.5x10^6/m1$. The motional characteristics in Jeju horse semen was showed $70.4{\pm}28.7{\mu}m/s\;for\;VAP,\;69.6{\pm}28.9{\mu}m/s\;for\;VSL,\;94.1{\pm}30.0{\mu}m/s\;fo\;VCL,\;2.3{\pm}0.7{\mu}m/s\;for\;ALH,\;7.6{\pm}1.1Hz\;for\;BCF,\;99.1{\pm}1.2%\;for\;STR,\;and\;77.1{\pm}12.7%\;for\;LIN$. The percentage of sperm with abnormal head, midpiece and tail was 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.6% respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 1992.05a
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 1992

The nonvolatile SNOSFET EEPROM memory devices with the channel width and iength of 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$15[$\mu\textrm{m}$], 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.5[$\mu\textrm{m}$] and 1.9[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.7[$\mu\textrm{m}$] were fabricated by using the actual CMOS 1 [Mbit] process technology. The charateristics of I$\_$D/-V$\_$D/, I$\_$D/-V$\_$G/ were investigated and compared with the channel width and length. From the result of measuring the I$\_$D/-V$\_$D/ charges into the nitride layer by applying the gate voltage, these devices ere found to have a low conductance state with little drain current and a high conductance state with much drain current. It was shown that the devices of 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$15[$\mu\textrm{m}$] represented the long channel characteristics and the devices of 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.5[$\mu\textrm{m}$] and 1.9[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.7[$\mu\textrm{m}$] represented the short channel characteristics. In the characteristics of I$\_$D/-V$\_$D/, the critical threshold voltages of the devices were V$\_$w/ = +34[V] at t$\_$w/ = 50[sec] in the low conductance state, and the memory window sizes wee 6.3[V], 7.4[V] and 3.4[V] at the channel width and length of 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$15[$\mu\textrm{m}$], 15[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.5[$\mu\textrm{m}$], 1.9[$\mu\textrm{m}$]${\times}$1.7[$\mu\textrm{m}$], respectively. The positive logic conductive characteristics are suitable to the logic circuit designing.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.370-377
• /
• 1997

A novel assay method is described for rapid quantitation of reaction rate of sterol ${\Delta}^7$-reductase (${\Delta}^7$-SR) which catalyzes reduction of the ${\Delta}^7$-double bond of sterols. Of six different organ tissues-liver, small intestine, brain, lung, kidney, and testis-. ${\Delta}^7$-SR activity was detected only in liver (2.30 nmol/min/mg protein) and testis (0.11 nmol/min/mg protein). Using a newly developed method which employs diet-induced enzyme proteins and ergosterol as substrate, we assessed both kinetics ($K_m=210\;{\mu}M$, $V_{max}=1.93\;nmol/min/mg$) and inhibition of the rat hepatic ${\Delta}^7$-SR against well-studied cholesterol lowering agents such as triparanol ($IC_{50}=16\;{\mu}M$). 3-$\beta$-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one (U18666A) ($IC_{50}=5.2\;{\mu}M$), and trans-1.4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY-9944) ($IC_{50}=0.25\;{\mu}M$). Of the three well-known AY-9944-sensitive cholesterogenic enzymes (i.e., ${\Delta}^7$-SR, sterol ${\Delta}^8$-isomerase, and sterol ${\Delta}^14$-reductase). ${\Delta}^7$-SR was found to be the most sensitive enzyme with a noncompetitive inhibition of this compound ($K_i=0.109\;{\mu}M$). Substrate specificity studies of the microsomal ${\Delta}^7$-SR indicate that the relative reaction rate for 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are 5.6-fold and 1.6-fold higher than that for lathosterol. ${\Delta}^7$-SR activity was also modulated by feeding rats a diet supplemented with 0.5% ergosterol (>2.6-fold) in addition to 5.0% cholestyramine plus 0.1% lovastatin ($\simeq$5.0-fold). Finally, microsomal ${\Delta}^7$-SR was solubilized by 1.5% 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and enriched on PEG (0~10%) precipitation, which should be suitable for further purification of the enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.351-359
• /
• 1989

This study was conducted to observe the physico-chemical exchange and effect of amino-carbonyl reaction between fructose and glycine . When various buffer solutions were added to equimolar mixture of fructose and glycine at pH 6.0 and $100^{\circ}C$, the browning effect was markedly observed by Mcllvaine buffer. Among the combinations of temperature and reaction time, the deep browning effect was obtained above $100^{\circ}C$, 3hr A marked browning effect obtained above pH 7.0 but little observed below pH 7.0. The browning effect was markedly increased at high fructose concentration. It required 4.0hrs and 32.9hrs to decrease 50% of initial concentration of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 but 0.9hrs and 3.8hrs at $120^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0, respectively. The rate constant of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C\;and\;120^{\circ}C$ were $1.78{\times}10^{-1},\;2.11{\times}10^{-2}\;and\;7.74{\times}10^{-1},\;1.83{\times}10^{-1}$, respectively. The formation of HMF was likely to follow the first order kinetics. The addition of 0.1M sodium sulfite, 0.1M sodium bisulfite and 0.1M calcium chloride to equimolar mixture (0.05M) surpressed the reaction up to 76.8%, 76.8% and 96.4%, respectively.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.277-294
• /
• 1995

Background: The prevalence of tuberculosis in Korea decreased remarkably for the past 30 years, while the incidence of disease caused by mycobacteria other than tuberculosis is unknown. Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases performed national survey to estimate the incidence of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis in Korea. We analyzed the clinical data of confirmed cases for the practice of primary care physicians and pulmonary specialists. Methods: The period of study was from January 1981 to October 1994. We collected the data retrospectively by correspondence with physicians in the hospitals that referred the specimens to Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association for the detection of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis. In confirmed cases, we obtained the records for clinical, laboratory and radiological findings in detail using protocols. Results: 1) Mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis were confirmed that 1 case was in 1981, 2 cases in 1982, 4 cases in 1983, 2 cases in 1984, 5 cases in 1985, 1 case in 1986, 3 cases in 1987, 1 case in 1988, 6 cases in 1989, 9 cases in 1990, 14 cases in 1990, 10 cases in 1992, 4 cases in 1993, and 96 cases in 1994. Cases since 1990 were 133 cases(84.2%) of a total. 2) Fifty seven percent of patients were in the age group of over 60 years. The ratio of male to female patients was 2.6:1. 3) The distribution of hospitals in Korea showed that 61 cases(38.6%) were referred from Double Cross Clinic, 42 cases(26.6%) from health centers, 21 cases(13.3%) from tertiary referral hospitals, 15 cases(9.5%) from secondary referral hospitals, and 10 cases(6.3%) from primary care hospitals. The area distribution in Korea revealed that 98 cases(62%) were in Seoul, 17 cases(10.8%) in Gyeongsangbuk-do, 12 cases(7.6%) in Kyongki-do, 8 cases(5.1%) in Chungchongnam-do, each 5 cases(3.2%) in Gyeongsangnam-do and Chungchongbuk-do, 6 cases(3.8%) in other areas. 4) In the species of isolated mycobacteria other than tuberculosis, M. avium-intracellulare was found in 104 cases(65.2%), M. fortuitum in 20 cases(12.7%), M. chelonae in 15 cases(9.5%), M. gordonae in 7 cases(4.4%), M. terrae in 5 cases(3.2%), M. scrofulaceum in 3 cases(1.9%), M. kansasii and M. szulgai in each 2 cases(1.3%), and M. avium-intracellulare coexisting with M. terrae in 1 case(0.6%). 5) In pre-existing pulmonary diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis was 113 cases(71.5%), bronchiectasis 6 cases(3.8%), chronic bronchitis 10 cases(6.3%), and pulmonary fibrosis 6 cases(3.8%). The timing of diagnosis as having pulmonary tuberculosis was within 1 year in 7 cases(6.2%), 2~5 years ago in 32 cases(28.3%), 6~10 years ago in 29 cases(25.7%), 11~15 years ago in 16 cases(14.2%), 16~20 years ago in 15 cases (13.3%), and 20 years ago in 14 cases(12.4%). Duration of anti-tuberculous treatment was within 3 months in 6 cases(5.3%), 4~6 months in 17 cases(15%), 7~9 months in 16 cases(14.2%), 10~12 months in 11 cases(9.7%), 1~2 years in 21 cases(18.6%), and over 2 years in 8 cases(7.1%). The results of treatment were cure in 44 cases(27.9%) and failure in 25 cases(15.8%). 6) Associated extra-pulmonary diseases were chronic liver disease coexisting with chronic renal failure in 1 case(0.6%), diabetes mellitus in 9 cases(5.7%), cardiovascular diseases in 2 cases(1.3%), long-term therapy with steroid in 2 cases(1.3%) and chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, colitis and pneumoconiosis in each 1 case(0.6%). 7) The clinical presentations of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis were 86 cases (54.4%) of chronic pulmonary infections, 1 case(0.6%) of cervical or other site lymphadenitis, 3 cases(1.9%) of endobronchial tuberculosis, and 1 case(0.6%) of intestinal tuberculosis. 8) The symptoms of patients were cough(62%), sputum(61.4%), dyspnea(30.4%), hemoptysis or blood-tinged sputum(20.9%), weight loss(13.3%), fever(6.3%), and others(4.4%). 9) Smear negative with culture negative cases were 24 cases(15.2%) in first examination, 27 cases(17.1%) in second one, 22 cases(13.9%) in third one, and 17 cases(10.8%) in fourth one. Smear negative with culture positive cases were 59 cases(37.3%) in first examination, 36 cases (22.8%) in second one, 24 cases(15.2%) in third one, and 23 cases(14.6%) in fourth one. Smear positive with culture negative cases were 1 case(0.6%) in first examination, 4 cases(2.5%) in second one, 1 case (0.6%) in third one, and 2 cases(1.3%) in fourth one. Smear positive with culture positive cases were 48 cases(30.4%) in first examination, 34 cases(21.5%) in second one, 34 cases(21.5%) in third one, and 22 cases(13.9%) in fourth one. 10) The specimens isolated mycobacteria other than tuberculosis were sputum in 143 cases (90.5%), sputum and bronchial washing in 4 cases(2.5%), bronchial washing in 1 case(0.6%). 11) Drug resistance against all species of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis were that INH was 62%, EMB 55.7%, RMP 52.5%, PZA 34.8%, OFX 29.1%, SM 36.7%, KM 27.2%, TUM 24.1%, CS 23.4%, TH 34.2%, and PAS 44.9%. Drug resistance against M. avium-intracellulare were that INH was 62.5%, EMB 59.6%, RMP 51.9%, PZA 29.8%, OFX 33.7%, SM 30.8%, KM 20.2%, TUM 17.3%, CS 14.4%, TH 31.7%, and PAS 38.5%. Drug resistance against M. chelonae were that INH was 66.7%, EMB 66.7%, RMP 66.7%, PZA 40%, OFX 26.7%, SM 66.7%, KM 53.3%, TUM 53.3%, CS 60%, TH 53.3%, and PAS 66.7%. Drug resistance against M. fortuitum were that INH was 65%, EMB 55%, RMP 65%, PZA 50%, OFX 25%, SM 55%, KM 45%, TUM 55%, CS 65%, TH 45%, and PAS 60%. 12) The activities of disease on chest roentgenogram showed that no active disease was 7 cases(4.4%), mild 20 cases(12.7%), moderate 67 cases(42.4%), and severe 47 cases(29.8%). Cavities were found in 43 cases(27.2%) and pleurisy in 18 cases(11.4%). 13) Treatment of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis was done in 129 cases(81.7%). In cases treated with the first line anti-tuberculous drugs, combination chemotherapy including INH and RMP was done in 86 cases(66.7%), INH or RMP in 30 cases(23.3%), and not including INH and RMP in 9 cases(7%). In 65 cases treated with the second line anti-tuberculous drugs, combination chemotherapy including below 2 drugs were in 2 cases(3.1%), 3 drugs in 15 cases(23.1%), 4 drugs in 20 cases(30.8%), 5 drugs in 9 cases(13.8%), and over 6 drugs in 19 cases (29.2%). The results of treatment were improvement in 36 cases(27.9%), no interval changes in 65 cases(50.4%), aggravation in 4 cases(3.1%), and death in 4 cases(3.1%). In improved 36 cases, 34 cases(94.4%) attained negative conversion of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis on cultures. The timing in attaining negative conversion on cultures was within 1 month in 2 cases(1.3%), within 3 months in 11 cases(7%), within 6 months in 14 eases(8.9%), within 1 year in 2 cases(1.3%) and over 1 year in 1 case(0.6%). Conclusion: Clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis were summarized. This collected datas will assist in the more detection of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis in Korea in near future.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.58 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2014

Different pyrazoline derivatives (6a-h and 7a-h) were synthesized by cyclization of substituted chalcones with hydrazine hydrate in acidic as well as basic conditions. Both the reactions were performed under conventional heating and microwave irradiation and percentage yields were compared. All the reactions were accelerated in acidic and basic conditions under microwave irradiation, with higher yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their spectral study (IR, MS, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR) and were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds 6g and 7g exhibited significant activity against S. aureu, 7g against E. faecalis, 6b and 7b against E. coli and 6b, 6c, 7b, 7c against S. typhi. The compounds 6d and 7d exhibited significant activity against C. albicans and 6c against M. luteus. Rest of the synthesized compounds showed moderate to poor activity against tested species with compared to standard.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 1984

In order to provide some clues for differential diagnosis of trematode infections in fecal examination, the comparative morphology of eggs of 5 kinds of heterophyid flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Stellantchasmus falcatus and Pygidiopsis summa) and Clonorchis sinensis was studied. The eggs were obtained from distal portion of uteri of worms which were recovered from men after treatment. The characteristic shape and appearance of each kind of eggs were observed in detail under light microscope, and their length and width measured and compared one another. The results are as follows: 1. Eggs of C. sinensis are elongated ovoidal in shape with attenuated anterior end, 25.3~33. 2 (28. 3 in average) ${\mu}m$ long and 14.2~17.4(5.9) ${\mu}m$ wide with length/width ratio of 1.60~2.00 (1.78). They differ from all heterophyid eggs in that they have prominent wrinkling (muskmelon pattern) at their shell surface. 2. P. summa eggs are ovoid to pyriform in shape and characterized by the smallest size of all kinds examined, 19.8~22.9 (21.6) ${\mu}m$ long and 11.1~13.4 (12.1) ${\mu}m$ wide and the ratio 1.63~1.99 (1.78). 3. Eggs of S. falcatus are elongated ovoidal and most slender form, 25.3~29.2 (27.2) ${\mu}m$ long and 11.1~13.4 (12.5) ${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 2.00~2.57 (2.17). 4. Eggs of M. yokogawai are ellipsoid to elliptical in shape with round both ends, 26.9~31.6 (28.5) ${\mu}m$ long and 14.2~18.2 (16.8)${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 1.48~2.11 (1.70). 5. H. continua eggs are oval in shape, sometimes similar to M. yokogawai or H. h. nocen$ eggs, however, the relative breadth is broadest among all kinds, with maximum width at posterior half portion. They are 23.7~27.7 (25.0) ${\mu}m$ long, 15.8~18.9 (16.4) ${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 1. 33~1.75 (1.53). 6. Eggs of H. h. nocens are ellipsoid to ovoid in shape but sometimes more slender than M. yokogawai and have slightly pointed both ends. They are 23.7~29.2 (25.7) p.m long, 14.2~15.8 (15.4) ${\mu}m$ wide, and the ratio 1.50~2.06 (1.67). From the results, it is concluded that eggs, of 5 kinds of heterophyids and C. sinensis can be morphologically differentiated one another, however, careful observation and measurement on sufficient number of eggs are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.299-309
• /
• 2019

This study was designed to assess the quality and quantity of food resources such as the chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a), the particulate organic carbon (POC) and the particulate organic nitrogen (PON), on blood cocke (Tegillarca granosa Linnaeus) farms from May to November 2017 in the northwestern area of Yeoja Bay, Korea. The values of Chl-a, POC and PON were $1.69-7.68{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (average: $3.48{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in the surface), 0.88-2.58 mM (average: 1.97 mM) and 0.17-0.90 mM (average: 0.54 mM), respectively, and these values were higher in the spring and summer and lower in the autumn. Furthermore, Chl-a and POC had higher values on the bottom layer than those vales on the surface, while PON had higher values on the surface than those values on the bottom. The POC/PON ratio and POC/Chl-a ratio were 1.56-7.88 (average: 3.71 on the surface of the water) and 216-967 (average: 700 on the bottom of the water), respectively, with most of the carbon sources being sediment-accumulated particle organic matter, and the contribution by phytoplankton was assessed as being low. These results show that the food source of the blood cockle farms in the northwest area of Yeoja Bay seems to be abundant in quantity, but this is considered to be very poor in quality.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.114-118
• /
• 1992

아크로를 이용하여 제작한 NdF $e_{12-x}$ $Ti_{x}$ (1 .leq. x .leq. 2) 합금의 상분석 결과 이들 합금은 ThM $n_{12}$ 구조의 경자성상(1-12상) 과 반강자성의 F $e_{2}$Ti 및 연자성의 .alpha. -Fe 등으로 구성되며, x=1.3 인 NdF $e_{10.7}$ $Ti_{1.3}$ 조성에서 단상에 가까운 ThM $n_{2}$ 구조가 얻어짐이 밝혀졌다. 한편, 합금중의 1-12 상은 50 .mu. m - 100 .mu. m 의 사각주 형태로 생성되며, FeTi은 1-12상의 결정립계에 고립된 입자의 형태로 존재한다. NdF $e_{10.7}$ $Ti_{1.3}$ 합금을 질화처리할 경우 단위포의 체적, 자화, 이방성자장 및 큐리온도가 증가하며, 이합금을 500 .deg. C 에서 15분간 질화처리한 NdF $e_{10.7}$ $Ti_{1.3}$ $N_{x}$ 의 비포화자화, 이방성자장 및 큐리온 도는 각각, .sigma. $_{s}$ =128 A $m^{2}$/kg $H_{A}$=6400 kA/m (80 kOe) 및 Tc=470 .deg. C로 질화처리 전에 비하여 크게 증가한다.크게 증가한다. 증가한다.