• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1005-1015
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• 2009

Two experiments were carried out to determine the utility of sainfoin hay, a temperate tanniferous forage legume, as a dietary supplement for grass-fed cows. The condensed tannins (CT) of sainfoin might counteract the typical metabolic ammonia load of cows in intensive grazing systems. Furthermore, the physical fibrousness of sainfoin might improve ruminal pH stability. In the preliminary experiment, the eating rate of non-lactating Holstein cows of two tanniferous hays, sainfoin and birdsfoot trefoil, was compared to that of a grass-clover hay after specific periods of time (n = 4). The eating rate of sainfoin was superior to that of the other forages. In the main experiment, designed as a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square, six ruminally-cannulated, lactating Red Holstein cows received grass, concentrate and either no supplementation, 3 kg/d of grass hay or 3 kg/d of sainfoin hay (n = 6). Measured intakes of the grass hay and the sainfoin hay were 2.0 and 1.5 kg DM, and two cows entirely refused to eat the sainfoin hay and had to be excluded from data analysis. Grass DMI was similar for cows supplemented with sainfoin hay and cows fed only grass whereas intake of concentrate was higher (p<0.01) for the latter treatment. Continuous measurement of ruminal pH showed that the minimum pH at night tended to be lower (p<0.10) with grass-only feeding compared to sainfoin supplementation, but pH did not decline below the threshold of subacute acidosis for a longer period of time. The slightly higher intake of nitrogen (N) for cows supplemented with sainfoin hay (413 g/d) compared to cows fed only grass (399 g/d) was accompanied by an increased (p<0.05) fecal N excretion and a tendency for an increased (p<0.10) urinary N excretion. Ruminal ammonia concentration, as well as plasma and milk urea, were not affected by sainfoin supplementation. In conclusion, the lack of positive effects typical for CT might be explained either by the limited CT content of this plant species (55 g/kg DM) or the relatively low proportion of sainfoin in the total diet or both. Moreover, due to the unexpected low grass quality, the general ammonia load might have been too low for CT to have an impact.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2020

Objective: The effects of Pleurotus ostreatus on the feed utilization of broad bean stalks (BBS), rape straw (RS), paddy straw (PS), and corn stalk (CS) was examined. Methods: The four roughages were co-cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus. The chemical composition; enzyme activities of laccase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase; carbohydrate and protein fractions (based on The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System [CNCPS]) were assessed at different days after inoculation (7, 14, 21, 28 d) and un-inoculated roughages (control, 0 d). The digestibility of nutrient components and the gas production of roughage with various incubation times were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h using an in vitro ruminal fermentation method. Results: A higher CMCase activity (0.1039 U/mL) and earlier time to peak (14 d) were detected in Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with CS (p<0.05). Significantly, the incubation length-dependent responses of cumulative gas production were observed from 24 to 72 hours post fermentation (p<0.05), and these incubation length-dependent effects on cumulative gas production of PS and CS appeared earlier (24 h) for PS and CS than those (48 h) for BBS and RS (p<0.05). The fast-degradable carbohydrate (CA) content for all four roughages significantly increased over time (p<0.05). Nonetheless, increased degradation efficiency for CA treated with Pleurotus ostreatus was detected at both 21 and 28 days of incubation (p<0.05). With the exception of PS (p<0.05), there were no significant difference among the roughages (p>0.05) in slowly-degradable carbohydrate (CB2) at different incubation times (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of the alterations in chemical composition, CNCPS system fractions, and the fermentation kinetics after biological pretreatment may yield a valuable database for evaluating the biological pretreatment of Pleurotus ostreatus in ruminant feed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.324-325
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• 2014

Quantum wells infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have been used to detect infrared radiations through the principle based on the localized stated in quantum wells (QWs) [1]. The mature III-V compound semiconductor technology used to fabricate these devices results in much lower costs, larger array sizes, higher pixel operability, and better uniformity than those achievable with competing technologies such as HgCdTe. Especially, GaAs/AlGaAs QWIPs have been extensively used for large focal plane arrays (FPAs) of infrared imaging system. However, the research efforts for increasing sensitivity and operating temperature of the QWIPs still have pursued. The modification of heterostructures [2] and the various fabrications for preventing polarization selection rule [3] were suggested. In order to enhance optical performances of the QWIPs, double barrier quantum well (DBQW) structures will be introduced as the absorption layers for the suggested QWIPs. The DBWQ structure is an adequate solution for photodetectors working in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) region and broadens the responsivity spectrum [4]. In this study, InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double barrier quantum well infrared photodetectors (DB-QWIPs) are successfully fabricated and characterized. The heterostructures of the InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs DB-QWIPs are grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is used to examine the heterostructures of the InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs DB-QWIP. The mesa-type DB-QWIPs (Area : $2mm{\times}2mm$) are fabricated by conventional optical lithography and wet etching process and Ni/Ge/Au ohmic contacts were evaporated onto the top and bottom layers. The dark current are measured at different temperatures and the temperature and applied bias dependence of the intersubband photocurrents are studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) system equipped with cryostat. The photovoltaic behavior of the DB-QWIPs can be observed up to 120 K due to the generated built-in electric field caused from the asymmetric heterostructures of the DB-QWIPs. The fabricated DB-QWIPs exhibit spectral photoresponses at wavelengths range from 3 to $7{\mu}m$. Grating structure formed on the window surface of the DB-QWIP will induce the enhancement of optical responses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2017

AlCrN 코팅은 높은 경도, 낮은 표면 조도 등의 상온에서의 우수한 기계적 특성 이외에 고온에서 안정한 합금상의 형성으로 인하여 우수한 내열성을 보이는 코팅이며, Si을 첨가하여 나노복합구조를 갖는 AlCrSiN 코팅은 고경도 특성을 나타내는 나노결정립과 고내열성을 나타내는 $Si_3N_4$ 비정질이 동시에 존재함으로써 뛰어난 고온 특성까지 보유하여 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성이 크다. 본 연구에서는, 가혹화된 공구사용 환경 대응 하는 더욱 우수한 내마모성 및 내열성을 보이는 코팅막을 개발하기 위해 AlCrN/AlCrSiN 이중층 코팅을 합성하였다. 합성된 코팅의 구조 및 물성을 분석하기 위해 field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), nano-indentation, atomic force microscopy(AFM) 및 ball-on-disk wear tester를 사용하였다. 내열성을 확인하기 위하여 코팅을 furnace에 넣어 500, 600, 700, 800, 900도에서 30분 동안 annealing한 후에 nano-indentation을 사용하여 경도를 측정을 하였다. 5:5, 7:3, 9:1의 두께 비율로 AlCrN/AlCrSiN 이중층 코팅을 합성하였으며 모든 코팅의 두께는 $3{\mu}m$로 제어되었다. AlCrN 코팅층의 두께가 증가할수록, 이중층 코팅의 경도 및 내마모성은 점차 향상되었지만 코팅의 밀착력은 감소하였다. 일반적으로 AlCrN 코팅은 상대적으로 높은 잔류응력을 갖고 있으므로, AlCrN 층의 두께비율이 증가함에 따라 코팅내의 잔류응력이 높아져 코팅의 경도는 증가하고 밀착특성은 낮아진 것으로 판단된다. AlCrSiN 상부층 공정시 기판 바이어스 전압을 -50 ~ -200V 로 증가시키면서 이중층 코팅을 합성하였다. XRD 분석 결과, 공정 바이어스 전압이 증가함에 따라 AlCrSiN 상부층은 점차 비정질화 되었고, 코팅의 경도와 표면 특성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 특성 향상은 높은 바이어스 인가가 이온 충돌효과의 증가를 야기시켰으, 이로 인해 치밀한 코팅층 합성에 의한 결과로 판단된다. AlCrN/AlCrSiN 이중층 코팅을 어닐링 한 후 경도 분석 결과, -150, -200V에서 합성한 코팅은 900도 이상에서 26GPa 이상의 높은 경도를 보인 것으로 보아 우수한 내열성을 갖는 것으로 확인 되었다. 이는 AlCrSiN 상부층의 높은 Si 함량 (11at.%) 으로 인한 충분한 $Si_3N_4$ 비정질상의 형성과, 고바이어스 인가로 인한 AlCrN 결정상과 $Si_3N_4$ 비정질상의 고른 분배가 코팅의 내열성을 향상시키는데 기여를 한 결과로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2010

In this work, the method of acquiring the pupil function of optical system is proposed. The wavefront aberration and the intensity distribution of pupil can be analysed with the pupil function. This system can be adopted to the manufacturing line of optical pickup directly and also has good performance to analysing various property of optical instrument. It is one kind of inverse problem to get pupil functions by 3D beam data. The extended Nijboer-Zernike(ENZ) approach recently proposed by Netherlands research group is adopted to accompany to solve these inverse problem. The ENZ approach is one of a aberration retrieval method for which numerous approaches are available. But this approach is new in the sense that it use the highly efficient representation of pupil functions by means of their Zernike coefficients. These coefficients are estimated by using matching procedure in the focal region the theoretical 3D intensity distribution and measured 3D intensity distribution. The algorithm that can be applied more general circumstance such as high-numerical aperture instrument is developed by modifying original ENZ approach. By these scheme, MS windows based GUI program is developed and the good performance is verified with generated 3D beam data.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.295-302
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to convergence approach analyse the depression tendency by family situation and leisure history in the elderly who live in town house in Gyeonggi-do. This study analysed factors such as family situation, leisure history related to the depression tendency. This study selected 20 elderly people over 65 as research subjects and all data analysis was to conduct analyze by multi-variables independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results of GDS showed 11 people(55%) presented with mild depression tendency(M=13.0) and 1 person(5%) showed severe depression tendency. 11 out of 30 questions in GDS had a significant difference among the depression degree. Individual disease type had a significant difference in depression tendency statistically(F(3, 16)=4.534, p<.05). Past leisure satisfaction among total leisure history factors had a significant difference in depression tendency(F(2,17)=3.989, p<.05). The participants whose leisure activity was absent in the past and present showed a regressive depression tendency. Participants with no social companions also presented with the same. The study concluded to grasp the real condition of depression, and make practical alternatives for that, multilateral depression tendency analysis using diverse methods are necessary in the near future for improving reliability of tools.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.365-370
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• 2007

Purpose: There are many reports about facial bone fractures, but limited to retrospective data of a single hospital. Etiology and severity of the facial bone fracture have been changed and treatment method and materials have been advanced. In order to reflect those changes and provide up-to-date data of the facial bone fractures in Daegu, we gathered the data and analyzed the epidemiologic study. Methods: The medical records of 1058 fractures in 895 patients were gathered from 5 general hospitals in Daegu during last year and these data were analyzed by following parameters: age, sex, place of residence, occupation, cause of injury, time of injury, location of fracture, length of in-hospital stay, time of operation, treatment method, associated injury, complication. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Results: Most commonly involved age group was 20s(26%) and the sex ratio was 3.4:1(male predominance). Fractures were occurred more in unban and white-color workers. Among variable etiology of injury, traffic accident was the most common cause. Time of injury was heighest at 6 to 7 P.M., on Sunday, in July. Locations of fractures were following sequence: nasal, zygoma, mandible, orbit, maxilla. Mean length of in-hospital stay and time of operation after injury were 6.3 and 3.2 days, respectively. In treatment methods, operative methods were dominant than conservative management and general anesthesia were favored than local anesthesia. Associated injuries were noticed in 188 cases(21.2%) and complications were in 94 cases(8.9%) and among them, ocular problem were common. Conclusion: Compared to previous studies, mean age of occurrence was lowered and the etiologies showed age-specific pattern and reflected the change of lifestyle. In young age groups, sports injury, violence were more dominant and the other hand, traffic accident and fall were dominant in older groups.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.259-261
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• 2009

Sclerotinia shoot rot of Grapevine(Vitis labruscana) occurred at Gapyeong and Yeongwol area from 2003 to 2005. Infected plants showed shoot blight at the one-year-old fruit bearing branches. The first visible symptom noticed was wilting and blighting of the branches. The obvious and typical initial symptom is the presence of a cottony, white, dense mat of mycelial growth on the surface of the diseased lesions. The base or stem of the infected young shoots develop a pale brown rotted area, which girdled and killed shoots. In advanced stages of the disease, stems and branches became bleached and eventually died. The isolates collected from diseased grapevine stem were identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum based on the morphological and cultural characteristics. The pathogenicity test revealed that Vitis vinifera(cultivar: Kyoho) was stronger than V. labruscana(cultivar: Campbell early) to the pathogen. This is the first report on sclerotinia shoot rot of grapevine in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.709-718
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of lead poisoning on the lead and essential trace elements homeostasis of tissues in rats. Fifty female Wistar rats, 7 weeks old, were divided into four experimental groups(B, C, D, and E) and a control(A). The four experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10 (B group), 100 (C group), 1,000 (D group) and 5,000 (E group) ${\mu}g/g$ of lead as lead acetate, respectively. The control group received normal diet. Rats were necropsied on the 4th or 8th week of experimental periods and heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, lung and hair were taken. The tissues were analysed for lead, copper, zinc, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results ware obtained ; In C group, lead content of the heart, liver, kidney and hair were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In D and E group, lead content of all tissues including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, hair and lung were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In C group, copper content of tissues were significantly increased in the heart, liver, kidney and lung on the 4th week and all tissues on the 8th week of experimental periods. In D and E group, copper content of the liver were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. But the copper content of tissues were gradually decreased compared with C group in accordance with the lead contamination. Especially the content in spleen, heart or kidney were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The zinc content of kidney, heart, or spleen were decreased in D and E groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: The personal protective equipments (PPEs) is the most important factor for reducing the pesticide exposure during the preparation and spraying of pesticides. This study was to investigate the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing of PPEs according to the ISO 22608 'Liquid penetration resistance-pipette test. Protective clothing for agriculture worker is very important for their health. However, test method for measurement of protective clothing is not presented in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to measure the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing, a apparatus for pipette method in accordance with the ISO Guideline was prepared. The test was conducted at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$ of relative humidity and pipette applied to a apparatus was validated to take exact amount(0.2 mL). The retention, repellence and penetration of five types of protective clothing and one type of shirt were analyzed by GC/MS. Pendimethalin(5% a.i, emulsion) was used as a test pesticide to measure above factors. The retention were less than 11.0% with the exclusion of two types(F4 and shirt) and the repellency was more than 67.0% with the exclusion of shirt material. The penetration was less than 5.4%, however, that of shirt was 66.7%. CONCLUSION: This results indicated that all protective clothing were suitable to use as PPEs according to the criteria specified by ISO Guide 22608. However, shirt was not suitable due to high penetration. This test method established for measurement the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing will help to establish the test notice of pipette method.