• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality attributes of frozen soy yogurts prepared by freezine soy yogurts, which are made of different types of Bifidobacteria (B. bifidum, B.breve, B. infantis) and oligosaccharides (fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides) containing $\alpha$-chymotrypsin treated soy protein isolate were evaluated in terms of overrun, melt-down quality, changes in the total number of Bifidobacteria after freezing, and sensory evaluation. The quality attributes of soy yogurts were also evaluated in terms of changes in the number of viable cells of Bifidobacteria in soy yogurts after incubation at 37$\^{C}$, pH 3.0 for 90 min, water holding capacity, and viscosity. The overrun of frozen soy yogurts fermented by B. bifidum showed the hiehest value but those fermented by B. infantis showed the lowest, while the melt-down quality of soy yogurts were vice versa. The total numbers of Bifidobacteria after freezing for 30 min in ice cream maker showed more than 10$\^$9/ CFU/ml. In sensory evaluation, all $\alpha$-chymotrypsin treated frozen soy yogsurt showed little beany flavor. In sour, sweet, and bitter tastes and mouth feel, the frozen soy yogurts fermented by B. bifidum evaluated better but those fermented by B. infantis evaluated worse. Also in the overall quality, the frozen soy yogurts fermented by B. bifidum were evaluated desirable but those fermented by B. infantis were evaluated undesirable. The water holding capacity and viscosity of soy yogurts fermented by B. bifidum showed the highest values but those fermented by B. infantis showed the lowest values. The total numbers of Bifidobacteria of all soy yogurts decreased from 10$\^$9/ CFU/ml to 10$\^$8/ CFU/ml after incubation at 37$\^{C}$, pH 3.0 for 90 min.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 1996

Polysulfone(PS) membranes were prepared from homogeneous PS solutions by the phase inversion technique. When propionic acid(PA) was added into a casting solution of n-methylpyrrolidone(NMP) and PS, precipitation rate of the solution film was accelerated. This kind of acceleration was consistent, even though a precipitating nonsolvent was changed from water to isopropanol. These phenomena were caused by decrease of nonsolvent tolerance in the casting solution due to addition of PA. PS powder was prepared by precipitation of a 3wt% solution in dimethylformamide(DMF) using ethanol as nonsolvent. Gas adsorption analysis of the powder showed that the capillary condensation sites were found in the powder structure. Membranes prepared from PS solution(15wt%) in NMP had the following characteristics of gas adsorption and water permeation. In gas adsorption analysis, the membrane precipitated using isopropanol showed low uptake of nitrogen gas and the capillary condensation sites were not found. On the contrary, a significant amount of the capillary condensation sites was found in the membrane coagulated by water, which was related to increase of nitrogen uptake. tn the membrane prepared froin the solution including PA, an increase of the Henry's law sites and the Langmuir sites was not found clearly. However, the capillary condensation sites were significantly increased, and the water transport also increased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding dried Thymus vulgaris powder (TVP) on the layer performance, egg quality and egg yolk fatty acid composition. Two hundred eighty eight, 35 weeks old Brown nicks were allocated in the cage for five TVP (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) diets with four replicates in each treatment. Each basal diet contained 16.0% CP and 2,800 kcal/kg ME and supplied to layers for 8 weeks. Egg production and egg weight were not statistically different but numerically increased in birds fed 2.0% TVP than other treatments. Egg mass was not consistent depending on the TVP addition levels in diets. Feed intake was significantly lower in TVP addition treatments than the control (p<0.05), however, feed conversion was not significantly differed among control and treatments (p<0.05). Dietary addition of 2.0% TVP showed high values on albumin height, Haugh unit and egg yolk color and they are 7.93, 86.79 and 7.20, respectively (p<0.05). Palmitic and arachidonic acids were remarkably lowered when 2.0% TVP added to basal diets and then fed to birds for 8 weeks, in contrast, significantly higher linolenic acid composition was determined in birds fed 2.0% TVP (p<0.05). As the results, the highest unsaturated fatty composition and UFA/SFA ratio were observed in 2.0% TVP treatment as compared to those of control and other treatments. Therefore, the results indicate that the Thymus vulgaris powder addition to basal diet tended to have positive effects on egg quality and egg yolk fatty acids composition, and the optimum addition of Thymus vulgaris powder may be 2.0%.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.576-584
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• 2000

Background : With the increase of cigarette consumption by women and the young, the incidence of lung cancer is expected to increase during the next three or four decades in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and to identify the gender differences in terms of their susceptibility to cigarette related carcinogens. Method : This investigation was a hospital-based case control study, which included the data of 178 case subjects (72 females, 106 males) with lung cancer and 218 control subjects (97 females, 121 males) with diseases unrelated to smoking. The information was obtained through a direct personal interview and a questionnaire related to personal smoking history. Results : The relative frequency of the squamous cell carcinoma was substantially higher in males than in females (61.3% in males, and 29.2% in females), while adenocarcinoma including bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma was higher in females(31.9% in females, 18.9% in males). Kreyberg I lung cancer was of relatively higher frequencies in males and smokers, while Kreyberg II lung cancer was higher in females and never smokers. The odds ratios (ORs) at each exposure level were consistently higher in females than males. For all cell types, the risk of lung cancer was increased with the quantity of smoked cigarettes, duration of smoking, and depth of inhalation. Odds ratio was distinctly higher in Kreyberg I lung cancer than in total lung cancer and a steeper gradient of risk with increased smoking was observed in females. Conclusion : The relative risk for lung cancer was consistently higher in females than in males at every level of exposure to cigarette smoke. This is believed to be due to the higher susceptibility of females to tobacco carcinogens, such as gender associated differences of carcinogen activation and/or the elimination of smoking related metabolites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1077-1081
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the components and nutritional quality of red-tanner crab (Chionoecetes japonicus) paste in order to explore possibility for food processing source such as surimi gel containing crab paste. Yield of crab paste was $30\%$ from whole body after crushing and dehydrating. Crude protein contents $(9.5\%)$ of crab paste was lower than that $(13.1\%)$ of crab muscle, but fat $(0.5\%)$ and ash contents $(8.0\%)$ of paste were higher than $0.2\%\;and\;1.3\%$ of crab muscle, respectively. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content of the crab paste was lower than those of the edible parts. Total amino acid content (9,497mg/l00g) of paste was lower than that (12,980mg/100g) of muscle. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and leucine were the predominant amino acids in the protein fraction. The calcium content (6,539mg/l00g) was higher than those of phosphorus (579mg/100g), and potassium (793mg/100g) while manganese and iron were present in trace amounts. Major fatty acids of total lipid were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, and no difference of composition between paste and muscle. Sensory evaluation showed that scores of color and flavor of $15\%$ substituted surimi gel increased significantly when compared to surimi gel without crab paste (p<0.05). From the above results, the addition of crab paste enhanced nutrition and functionality of surimi gel.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.131-142
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• 1975

This study was carried out to define the variations of important quantitative characters and correlations among them accoding to the planted location under the shadow by planting density. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Growth of leaf and stem of 6 rows and 8 rows planting plots was decreased at front and back rows, but that of root was increased at front row and also decreased at back row. However, at 4 rows planting plots, front row was better for the growth of leaf, stem and root. 2. Average root weight of 6 rows planting plot was 34.29g but that of 8 rows planting plot was ]8.20 g. And total weight of root per unit area was increased and quality of ginseng was better in 6 rows planting plot compaired with 8 rows. 3. Variation by planting locations under the shadow was smallest in stem diameter and highest in root length at 8 row planting plot, but at 6 rows planting plot, that was smallest in leaf blade and greatest in stem length. However, in 4 rows plant ing plot, variation of leaf length was smallest and that of root weight biggest. 4. In all Planting densities, root weight was significantly correlated with root diameter and high correlation was recognized between root diameter and stem diameter. 5. Rate of variations of all characters among plant individuals was different by planting location and that of correlations between quantitative Characters too.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Puroose: To present preliminary results of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using the simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) boost technique in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods: Twenty patients who underwent IMRT for non-metastatic NPC at the Asan Medical Center between September 2001 and December 2003 were prospectively evaluated. IMRT was delivered using the 'step and shoot' SMART technique at prescribed doses of 72 Gy (2.4 Gy/day) to the gross tumor volume (GTV), 60 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinical target volume (CTV) and metastatic nodal station, and 46 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinically negative neck region. Eighteen patients also received concurrent chemotherapy using cisplatin once per week. Results: The median follow-up period was 27 months. Nineteen patients completed the treatment without interruption; the remaining patient interrupted treatment for 2 weeks owing to severe pharyngitis and malnutrition. Five patients (25%) had RTOG grade 3 mucositis, whereas nine (45%) had grade 3 pharyngitis. Seven patients (35%) lost more than 10% of their pretreatment weight, whereas 11 (55%) required intravenous fluids and/or tube feeding. There was no grade 3 or 4 chronic xerostomia. All patients showed complete response. Two patients had distant metastases and loco-regional recurrence, respectively. Conclusion: IMRT using the SMART boost technique allows parotid sparing, as shown clinically and by dosimetry, and may also be more effective biologically. A larger population of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to evaluate ultimate tumor control and late toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1140-1144
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• 2002

Molecular relaxation behaviors of crystalline glucose anhydrous, crystalline glucose monohydrate, and amorphous glucose with different particle sizes were observed by measuring spin-spin relaxation time constant $(T_2)$ at the temperature range of $-20\;to\;110^{\circ}C$ using temperature-controlled low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No change in $T_2$ values of crystalline glucose anhydrous was observed throughout the temperature range, whereas $T_2$ values of crystalline glucose monohydrate and amorphous glucose increased from around $45\;and\;65^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results indicate that molecular mobility of crystalline glucose anhydrous does not change even at temperature higher than $100^{\circ}C$ and that the stability of powdered glucose could be improved by increasing the particle size of materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1987

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of Ca and Mg saturation ratios of soil on the uptake of Ca, Mg and K by rice plant. A silty loam soil was treated with $CaCl_2$ and $MgCl_2$ to obtain different degrees of Ca and Mg saturation. The studied ranges of Ca and Mg saturation ratios were 81:19, 70:30, 52:48, 55:45, and 31:69 in terms of the ratio of exchangeable Ca and Mg. Two levels of K application (90kg/ha, and 180kg/10a as $K_2O$) were also included in this study. The significant observation were summarized as follows. 1. When the Ca saturation of soil was dominant over Mg, the soil solution contained more Ca than Mg and vice versa. These led to the higher uptake of Ca by rice plant in Ca dominant soils and higher uptake of Mg in Mg dominant soils. 2. When the Ca and Mg saturation ratio was about equal, more Mg was released to soil solution leading to higher concentration of Mg in rice plant compare to that of Ca. 3. A trend was observed that the concentration of K in soil solution was lower in Mg dominant soils than in Ca dominant soils. This also resulted in the depressed uptake of K by rice plant under Mg dominant system when compare to Ca dominant system. 4. The increase application of K led to the increase in relative concentration of K to (Ca+Mg+K), and to the depression of divalent uptake by rice plant. However, it was observed that the degree of depression in uptake divalent by K application was more sensitive in case of Mg than that of Ca. 5. When viewed from grain yield of rice, it is pointed out that the optimum range of Ca to Mg ratio in soil may fall in the vicinity of 7:3. 6. Although K uptake by rice plant was influenced by the term of $AK^+/{\sqrt{A(Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}})$ in soil solution, $AK^+$ itself was affected by the ratios of Ca:Mg in soil, as it were $AK^+$ value was decreased in Mg dominant soil than in Ca.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 1980

To establish a generation acceleration technique, two crops a year at field condition of Suweon, 10 varieties different in their spring growth habit were tested with 6 different seeding time after harvesting. These materials were harvested on June 10, 19, 79 and tested for their seed production ability at varions seeding time from July I I to August 15 with a week interval. An immatured seed germination technique and green vernalization methods were applied in cycling generations and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In summer growing, seedlings establishment after transplanting was better in earlier transplanting. 2. Heading time was remarkably enhanced by earlier transplanting. Considering the results of two years early or mid of July was the suitable time to plant the second summer crop. 3. Those varieties of spring growth habit expressed little variations in plant height among the varieties. In 1978 which is referred as warm year produced plant height as tall as 8-16cm and poor crop but produced good crop with 25-65cm plant height in 1979. 4. No definit tendency in the length of spike was. observed among the cultivars but longer spike was found in winter wheat compared to the spring. 5. Number of spikes per plant was ranged from 1 to 3 regardless the transplanting time in 1979. However, more spikes per plant were produced in early or mid of July transplanting and those varieties of higher growth habit than V did not produces any spikes. 6. Higher number of grains per spike was found at earlier transplanted varieties. Therefore, it is concluded that those materials of I-IV growth habit with mid or early July transplanting would be suitable in practical sense considering their ability of seed production. 7. Two-year results indicated that wheat crop can not tolerate the temperature level higher than average 32$^{\circ}C$ C at Suweon. In this regard, the cultivation schedule was established assuming average temperature condition like the year of 1979 which was possible to grow wheats.