• 한국재료학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.347-351
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• 2003

II-Ⅵ ZnO compound semiconductor thin films were grown on $\alpha$-Al$_2$O$_3$(0001) single crystal substrate by radical beam assisted molecular beam epitaxy and the optical properties were investigated. Zn(6N) was evaporated using Knudsen cell and O radical was assisted at the partial pressure of 1$\times$10$^{4}$ Torr and radical beam source of 250-450 W RF power. In $\theta$-2$\theta$ x-ray diffraction analysis, ZnO thin film with 500 nm thickness showed only ZnO(0002)and ZnO(0004) peaks is believed to be well grown along c-axis orientation. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement using He-Cd ($\lambda$=325 nm) laser is obtained in the temperature range of 9 K-300 K. At 9 K and 300 K, only near band edge (NBE) is observed and the FWHM's of PL peak of the ZnO deposited at 450 RF power are 45 meV and 145 meV respectively. From no observation of any weak deep level peak even at room temperature PL, the ZnO grains are regarded to contain very low defect density and impurity to cause the deep-level defects. The peak position of free exciton showed slightly red-shift as temperature was increased, and from this result the binding energy of free exciton can be experimentally determined as much as $58\pm$0.5 meV, which is very closed to that of ZnO bulk. By van der Pauw 4-point probe measurement, the grown ZnO is proved to be n-type with the electron concentration($n_{e}$ ) $1.69$\times$10^{18}$$cm^3$, mobility($\mu$) $-12.3\textrm{cm}^2$/Vㆍs, and resistivity($\rho$) 0.30 $\Omega$$\cdot$cm.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권9호
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• pp.35.1-35.10
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this work was the comparison between the carcass and the meat ewes of the regional Traditional market and the Islamic religious (Halal) market. Methods: Thirty and 20 at the end of career traditional market and Halal market ewes were slaughtered following the EC (European Council, 2009) animal welfare guidelines. Live weight of ewes was taken and dressing percentage of carcasses was calculated. On every carcass zoometric measurement and the evaluation trough the EU grid rules were performed. On the Musculus longissimus thoracis of 12 Traditional market carcasses and 11 Halal market carcasses the physical-chemical and nutritional analysis were performed. Consumer tests for liking meat ewe were performed in order to find consumer's preference level for Traditional and Halal markets ewe meat. Considering as fixed factor the ewe meat market (Traditional and Halal), results were submitted to oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The Halal market ewes have shown lower dressing percentages ($42.91{\pm}0.82$ vs $46.42{\pm}0.69$) and lower conformation score ($4.5{\pm}0.5$ vs $7.8{\pm}0.4$). The Halal market meat showed higher cooking loss in oven ($37.83{\pm}1.20$ vs $32.03{\pm}1.15%$), lesser Chroma value ($18.63{\pm}0.70$ vs $21.84{\pm}0.67$), and lesser Hue angle value ($0.26{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.34{\pm}0.02$). This product had also lower fat percentage ($4.2{\pm}0.4$ vs $7.09{\pm}0.4$). The traditional market meat had higher percentage in monounsatured fatty acids (MUFA) ($43.84{\pm}1.05$ vs $38.22{\pm}1.10$), while the Halal market meat had higher percentage in ${\omega}3$ poliunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) ($5.04{\pm}0.42$ vs $3.60{\pm}0.40$). The consumer test showed as the ewe meat was appreciate by the consumers. Conclusions: Both meat typologies have shown good nutritional characteristics. The traditional market meat had higher MUFA composition, and a better MUFA/satured fatty acids (SFA) ratio, while the Halal market meat had higher PUFA composition. These results were also supported by the PCA. The consumers preferred the traditional market meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.971-980
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• 2013

Dried stoned olive pomace (DSOP) was administered to dairy water buffaloes, and their productive performance and milk composition were analysed. Sixteen pluriparous lactating buffaloes were divided into two uniform groups (control and experimental), taking into consideration the following parameters: milk production (2,192 and 2,102 kg) and duration of lactation (254 and 252 d) of the previous year, distance from calving (51 and 43 d), milk production (9.71 and 10.18 kg/d), body condition score (BCS) (6.44 and 6.31) and weight (617 and 653 kg) at the beginning of the trial. Both diets had the same formulation: second cut alfalfa hay 20%, corn silage 42%, concentrate 38% but the two concentrates differed in their formulation, the experimental one contained 15.50% of DSOP as fed. The employed DSOP showed high amounts of secoiridoids, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (3,4-DHPEA) (1.2 g/kg DM), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid di-aldehyde (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) (12.6 g/kg DM), p-hydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid di-aldehyde (p-HPEA-EDA) (5.6 g/kg DM) and lignans, which are known to be powerful bioactive compounds. The control diet had an energy-protein content of 0.86 Milk FU/kg DM and 143.3 g/kg DM of crude protein, whereas the experimental diet of 0.87 Milk FU/kg DM and 146.6 g/kg DM of crude protein. Each animal of the two groups received 17 kg DM/d and each buffalo of the experimental group, by way of the concentrate, ingested 1.05 kg DM/d of DSOP. The trial lasted 40 days. No significant difference was found between the BCS (6.41 and 6.53), live weight (625.93 and 662.50 kg) and milk production (9.69 and 10.08 kg/d) of the two groups, as was the case for fat, protein, lactose, pH and coagulating parameters of the two milks. The milk fat of the experimental group had a significantly higher content of total tocopherols (10.45 vs $8.60{\mu}g/g$, p<0.01) and retinol (3.17 vs $2.54{\mu}g/g$, p<0.01). The content of the reactive substances with tiobarbituric acid (TBARs) was significantly lower in the milk fat of the experimental group (12.09 vs $15.05{\mu}g$ MDA/g, p<0.01). The acid content of the milk fat of the experimental group had a significantly higher content (p<0.05) of C18:0 and of $C18:3{\omega}6$. LC-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of 3,4-DHPEA ($36.0{\mu}g/L$) in the milk of the DSOP-fed buffaloes, while other phenols were not found. DSOP, in the quantity utilized, can be used in the feeding of the lactating buffalo; the dietetic-nutritional characteristics of the milk are improved due to a greater contribution of tocopherols, retinol and the presence of hydroxytyrosol.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.196-213
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• 2001

체장어군탐지기(fish sizing echo sounder) 의송.수파기로서 사용하기 위한 split beam 음향 변환기를 개발하기 위한 시도로서, Dolph Chebyshev배열 기법을 이용하여 36개의 압전 진동소자에 진폭 가중치를 부여한 평면배열 음향 변환기를 설계.제작하고, 이 변환기의 수중음향방사 특성에 대해 분석.고찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. split beam 음향 변환기의 4 개의 독립적인 진동자 블록에 대한 수중에서의 평균적인 공진 및 반공진 주파수는 각각 69.8 kHz. 83.0 kHz이었고, 이들 공진과 반공진 주파수에서의 임피던스는 49.2$\omaga$. 704.7$\omaga$이었다. 음향변환기의 4 개의 모든 진동자 블록 (sum beam)에 대한 수중에서의 공진 및 반공진 주파수는 각각 71.4 kHz, 82.1kHz이었고. 이들 공진과 반공진 주파수에서의 임피던스는 15.2$\omaga$, 17.3$\omaga$이었다. 2 split beam 음향 변환기의 4 개의 독립적인 진동자 블록에 대한 최대 송파전압감도(TVR)는 공통적으로 70.0 kHz에서 165.5 dB이었고, -3 dB 점에 대한 송신 주파수 대역폭은 10.0 kHz이었다. 또한. split beam 음향 변환기의 4 개의 조합된 진동자 블록에 대한 최대 수파감도(SRT)는 공통적으로 75.0 kHz에서 -177.5 dB이었고, -3 dB 점에 대한 수신 주파수 대역폭은 10.0 kHz이었다. 3.split beam 음향 변환기의 모든 진동자 블록에 대한 송신 지향성패턴은 원형이었고, -3 dB점에 대한 수평 및 수직방향에 대한 반감각(half beam angle)은 공통적으로 $9.0^\circ$이었다. 또한. 수평방향에 대한 제 1차 부엽 준위는 $22^\circ$및 $-26^\circ$에서 각각 -19.7 dB. -19.4 dB이었고. 수직방향에 대한 제1차 부엽 준위는 $22^\circ$및 $-26^\circ$에서 각각 -20.1 dB, -22.0 dB로서 설계 목표치 -20 dB과 매우 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 4.split beam 음향 변환기의 송파응답파형과 수파응답파형은 각각 송신 및 수신 공진주파수 부근인 70.0 kHz와 75.0 kHz에서 전기 입력펄스파형과 가장 유사한 특성을 나타내었다. 5. 본 연구에서 설계, 개발한 split beam 음향 변환기의 성능을 분석하기 위해 반사강도 보정을 위한 지향성손실과 물표의 위치각을 추정하기 위한 실험을 행한 결과 실험적으로 추정한 위치각은 실제적인 위치각과 잘 일치하였다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.130-140
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• 2016

This study analyzed annual catch trend during 45 years and monthly catch of the least 10 years (2005~2014) for chub mackerel caught in the Korean coastal waters. To determine fishing status of chub mackerel, fork length measurements were conducted at least twice every week for 100 individuals randomly selected at the Busan Cooperative Fish Market from January of 2012 to December of 2014; and biological characteristics and proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash) were analyzed by length class (I~IV) on a monthly basis from January to December of 2014. Monthly catch trend showed low level below 5,000 mt from February to July, whereas high level above 15,000 mt from October to December. For the period between 2012 and 2014, annual average catch proportion of juvenile were relatively high at 68.1%, 53.1% and 53.2% from January to April, before spawning season, while those were low at 21.5%, 20.7% and 29.12% from June to November. As for the change in the proximate composition per 100 g of muscle, protein and ash did not change much by seasons and length class, whereas fat and moisture contents showed large fluctuations and complementary relationship between the two factors. Regardless of length class, monthly average fat content, containing Omega-3, showed the lowest at 7.18 g in April and highest at 19.27 g in December, which exhibited 2.6 times difference from one another. Regardless of fishing seasons, fat content by length class were 19.06 g for the class I and 6.43 g for the class IV, which showed three times difference. Fat contents of the class I were high at 26.97 g and 27.19 g in November and December, while low at 8.37 g and 9.99 g in April and May. Especially, fat contents from January to May were 5.0 g, which was the lowest. Therefore, it is expected that consumer could indirectly contribute fisheries management through their understanding and wise consumption based on fishing status and fluctuation of proximate composition.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복의 일반성분을 비롯한 지방산, 아미노산 및 핵산관련물질을 비교 분석하여 전복에 대한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복을 육과 내장으로 분리하여 실험한 결과, 육의 경우 자연산 말전복이 양식산 참전복에 비해 수분함량이 높게 나타났으며, 내장도 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 조단백질 함량은 자연산 말전복에 비해 양식산 참전복에서 더 높게 나타났고, 조지질 함량은 자연산말전복과 양식산 참전복에 공통적으로 육보다는 내장에 더 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 자연산 말전복의 내장에 조지질 함량이 $2.02{\pm}0.15%$로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 자연산 말전복 및 양식산 참전복의 육과 내장의 포화지방산(SFA)으로는 palmitic acid (16:0), 단일불포화지방산(MUFA) 으로는 oleic acid (18:1n-9), 다가불포화지방산(PUFA)으로는 eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-3, ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) 및 docosahexaenoic acid(22:6n-3, DHA)가 많이 함유되어 있었다. 대표적인 오메가-3 지방산인 EPA와 DHA의 함량은 자연산 말전복의 육에 양식산 참전복의 육보다 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복에서 총 17개의 구성아미노산이 분석되었고, 주요 구성아미노산으로 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine 및 arginine 등이 확인되었고, cystine, methionine, histidine 등의 함량은 낮았다. 또한, 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복의 주요 유리아미노산은 taurine, alanine, arginine, glycine 등으로 확인되었으며, 자연산 말전복의 육과 내장에 더 많은 taurine이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 자연산 밀전복과 양식산 참전복의 핵산관련물질의 총 함량은 각각 12.93 mg/100g 및 30.75 mg/100g으로 2배 이상의 함량차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구결과 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복 간에는 약간의 성분의 차이를 나타내었는데, 이는 전복의 먹이 섭취에 따라 조금의 차이가 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.319-327
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• 2007

본 연구는 민들레와 민들레 발효 생균제의 첨가가 육계의 성장과 체조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 Ross broiler 150수로 5처리 6반복 반복당 6수씩 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 1) 대조구, 2) 항생제 0.005% 첨가구, 3) 황토 1.0% 첨가구, 4) 황토 2.0% 첨가구, 5) 황토 4.0% 첨가구, 6) 황토 8.0% 첨가구로 5처리로 나누어 실시하였다. 전 기간 사양 결과, 증체량은 항생제 첨가구가 높게 나타났으며, 민들레 1.0% 첨가구가 낮은 증체량을 보였으나, 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율에서는 민들레, 민들레 발효 생균제와 대조구에서 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). HDL cholesterol은 민들레 생균제 0.5 % 첨가구가 높았으며, 민들레 생균제 1.0% 첨가구가 낮았으나, 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). LDL cholesterol은 대조구가 높았으며, 항생제 첨가구가 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 도체 내의 여러 가지 지방산 중 oleic acid($C18:1{\omega}9$) 민들레 발효 생균제가 0.1% 첨가구가 높게 나타났으며, 대조구가 낮게 나타나 통계적인 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과로써 민들레와 민들레 발효 생균제를 첨가한 결과, 혈액 콜레스테롤 감소에 영향을 주었으며, 특히 생균제를 첨가할 때 고기의 맛을 평가하는데 중요한 올레인산이 높게 나타나 계육의 맛을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2014

본 실험은 비육돈 사료 중 오메가-3와 오메가-6 지방산의 증가가 돈육 등심 내 지방산 조성과 돈육의 품질특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 사료 중 유지의 조성은 대조구(우지5%), 아마인유(5%), 홍화씨유(5%) 및 혼합유(아마인유2.5%+홍화씨유2.5%)를 배합하여 비육기 삼원교잡돼지(LYD)에 4주간 급여하였다. 돼지 등심의 지방산 조성은 아마인유처리구(T1)에서 linolenic acid의 함량이 $2.35{\pm}0.21%$로 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 홍화씨유처리구(T2)에서 linoleic acid의 함량이 $35.26{\pm}1.91%$로 가장 높게 나타났고, Oleic acid의 함량은 대조구(C)에서 $21.59{\pm}1.85%$로 가장 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 전체 다가불포화지방산의 양은 홍화씨유처리구(T2)가 $47.80{\pm}1.29%$로 다른 처리구보다 유의적으로 가장 높았고(p<0.05), n-6:n-3 비율은 $11.57{\pm}0.90$으로 아마인유처리구(T1)가 가장 낮은 값을 보였던 반면, 홍화씨유급여구(T2)는 오메가-6 지방산의 함량이 높아져서 $37.56{\pm}12.51$로 유의적으로 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 돈육의 pH와 명도, 적색도는 시험유지급여에 따른 변화가 없었으나, 황색도는 홍화씨유처리구(T2)에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 보수력과 가열감량에 있어서도 시험유지의 급여에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않아(p>0.05) 다가불포화지방산의 함량이 높은 시험유지의 급여가 돈육의 육질특성에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 식물성유지의 급여를 통해 육질에 미치는 영향을 최소화하여 소비자들로부터 각광받고 있는 오메가-3 지방산의 함량을 증가시킬 수 있음을 확인하였으나, n-6:n-3 비율이 권장되는 값에 비하여 높게 나타났으므로(11.57:1) 추후 이 비율을 낮추는 사양기술에 대한 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-35
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• 1984

Since the first report of Drury and $Szent-Gy{\ddot{o}}rgyi$ in 1929, the inhibitory influences of adenosine on the heart have repeatedly been described by many investigators. These studies have shown that adenosine and adenine nucleotides have overall depressant effects, similar to those of acetylcholine. Heart beats become slow and weak. It is also well known that adenosine is a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator. Many investigations on the working mechanisms of adenosine have been focused mainly on the effects of the coronary blood flow. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of adenosine on sinus node are not well understood yet. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the behavior of rabbit SA node under influence of adenosine. In these series of experiments three kinds of preparations were used: whole atrial pair, left atrial strip, and isolated SA node preparations. The electrical activity of SA node was recorded with conventional glass microelectrodes 30 to 50 $M{\Omega}$. The preparations were superfused with bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode solution of pH 7.35 and aerated with a gas mixture of $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ at $35^{\circ}C$. In whole atrial pair, adenosine suppressed sinoatrial rhythm in a dose-dependent manner. Effect of adenosine on atrial rate appeared at the concentration of $10^{-5}M$ and was enhanced in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Inhibitory action of adenosine on pacemaker activity was more prominent in the preparation pretreated with norepinephrine, which can steepen the slope of pacemaker potential by increasing permeability of $Ca^{+2}$. Calcium ions in perfusate slowly produced a marked change in sinoatrial rhythm. Elevation of the calcium concentration from 0.3 to 8 mM increased the atrial rate from 132 to 174 beats/min, but over 10 mM $Ca^{+2}$ decreased. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on sinoatrial rhythm developed very rapidly. Atrial rate was recovered promptly from the adenosine-induced suppression by the addition of norepinephrine, but extra $Ca^{+2}$ was less suitable to restore the suppression of atrial rate. Adenosine suppressed also atrial contractility in the same dosage range that restricted pacemaker activity, even in the reserpinized preparation. In isolated SA node preparation, spontaneous firing rate of SA node at $35^{\circ}C$(mean{\pm}SEM, n=16) was $154{\pm}3.3\;beats/min. The parameters of action potentials were: maximum diastolic potential(MDP), $-73{\pm}1.7\;mV: overshoot(OS), $9{\pm}1.4\;mV: slope of pacemaker potential(SPP), $94{\pm}3.0\;mV/sec. Adenosine suppressed the firing rate of SA node in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect appeared at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ and was in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Changes in action potential by adenosine were dose-dependent increase of MDP and decrease of SPP until $10^{-4}M$. Above this concentration, however, the amplitude of action potential decreased markedly due to the simultaneous decrease of both MDP and OS. All these effects of adenosine were not affected by pretreatment of atropine and propranolol. Lowering extra $Ca^{2+}$ irom 2 mM to 0.3 mM resulted in a marked decrease of OS and SPP, but almost no change of MDP. However, increase of perfusate $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 6 or 8 mM produced a prominent decrease of MDP and a slight increase of OS and SPP. Dipyridamole(DPM), which is known to block the adenosine transport across the cell membrane, definately potentiated the action of adenosine. The results of this experiment suggest that adenosine suppressed pacemaker activity and atrial contractility simultaneously and directly, by decreasing $Ca^{2+}-permeability$ of nodal and atrial cell membranes.