• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.296-305
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• 2002

Rice yield and grain guality were investigated with treatments of silicate fertilizer, straw compost and NPK fertilizer in the paddy soil of silty clay loam from 1975 to 2001. Rice yield of the treatments of silicate fertilizer. $1,500kg\;ha^{-1}$ and straw compost $10,00kg\;ha^{-1}$ were increased by 15%, 10%, respectively, for 27years average yield in comparison with NPK plot. In the plots of NPK+silicate fertilizer $1,500kg\;ha^{-1}$, NPK+silicate fertilizer $2,500kg\;ha^{-1}$, taste value(Toyo instrument) of cooked rice and quality assessment were higher than those in NPK control plot and NPK+straw compost $10,000kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, but the contents of crude protein, amylose of milled rice grain were lower than those in other treated plots. Nitrogen and phosphorous contents of rice plant were lower, but $SiO_2$ content were higher in the treatment of silicate ferti lizer 1,500, $2,500kg\;ha^{-1}$ than straw compost $10,000kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot. Rice quality assessment was positively correlated with taste value, but it was negatively correlated with crude protein and amylose content of milled rice grain. Ratios of Mg/N, $Mg/N{\cdot}K_2O$, $SiO_2/N$, $SiO_2/P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2/K_2O$ were positively correlated with taste value and quality assessment of rice grain, but negatively correlated with crude protein, amylose and fatty acid content. In soil chemical characteristics related with rice quality after experiment in 2001, soil pH and $SiO_2$ content were positively correlated with taste value and quality assessment of rice grain, but contents of soil $P_2O_5$, ex-K were negatively correlated with them.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.144-150
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• 2006

Chemical characteristics and their interrelationships of 156 soils included by 74 sandy loam and 82 loam soils collected from plastic film house in Chungbuk area were investigated from 1998 to 2001. Seventeen chemical properties including pH, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations, CEC, etc., were analyzed by correlation, standardized partial regression coefficient, and principal factor analysis. Standardized partial regression coefficients of chemical properties were estimated to determine the degree of contribution of EC and OM contents in soils. Principal factor analysis was applied to classify the studied chemical properties into different groups having similar chemical properties. The pH of experimental soils ranged from 4.24 to 7.14 and 4.95 to 7.35 for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. The EC of soils varied from 0.93 to $15.65dS\;m^{-1}$ for loam and $0.91{\sim}22.30dS\;m^{-1}$ for sandy loam soils, respectively with significant differences among them. The EC measured by 1:5 $H_2O$ dilution method and saturation method were significantly related with 8.163 and 8.599 as the slopes of regression equation for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. These slopes more than 8.0 in this regression equation was higher than the slope of 5.0 that is estimated from dilution coefficient suggesting that EC measured by 1:5 dilution method might be erratic. The standardized partial regression coefficient of different chemical properties for the estimation of EC was in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > OM > exchangeable Mg for loam soils and $NO_3{^-}$ > exchangeable Mg > $Cl^-$ for sandy loam soils. Contribution order of the chemical properties based on standardized partial regression coefficient differed 1:5 dilution method and saturation method, indicating that different chemical compounds might be present in the extract solutions of these two methods. Consequently the measurement of EC by saturation method was thought be still better for estimation of chemical property because accuracy of EC measurement by 1:5 dilution method can't be improved by any specific coefficient for adjustment of EC. Regardless of differences in soil textures and extraction methods, correlation coefficients between EC and the other chemical properties were routinely in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > degree of base saturation > exchangeable Mg > exchangeable Ca > $SO{_4}^{2-}$. The principal factor analysis revealed four factor groups of the chemical properties studied. The groups for sandy loam were as follows; ; 1. salt components, 2. soil reaction components, 3. fixed and adsorption components, 4. CEC components. The groupings of loam soils were similar to sandy loam except that exchangeable Na substituted the CEC of sandy loam.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.389-393
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• 2001

For an effective utilization, quality stability of instant powdered oyster soup made of canned oyster processing waste water (IPSW) was determined. Instant powdered soup from oyster hot-water extracts (IPSE) was also prepared by mixing hot-water extract powder (15 g) with table salt (5 g), cream powder (19 g), milk replacer (12 g), wheat flour (20 g), corn flour (15 g), starch (5 g), glucose (7.5 g) and onion powder (1.5 g). In preparing IPSW, mixed powder from wash water and boiling liquid waste, instead of powder from hot-water extracts and table salt, was added (powder from boiling liquid waste: powder from wash water= 12: 8) and other additives were added in proportion to those in the IPSE. The moisture content, water activity, peroxide value and fatty acid composition showed little changes during storage of the IPSW. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen content and brown pigment formation increased slightly, while white index decreased slightly during storage of IPSW. No significant difference was observed in the changes of food component during storage between IPSW and IPSE. According to a sensory evaluation, the change in quality of IPSW was negligible during 12 months of storage. from the results of the chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, IPSW packed with laminated film bag (OPP, $20{\mu}m/PE,\;20{\mu}m/paper,\;45g/m^3/PE,\;20{\mu}\;m/Al,\;7{\mu}\;m/PE,\;20{\mu}m$) was revealed to be preserved in good quality during 12 months of storage.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2005

To study the development of solid waste compost to use sewage sludge and paper mill sludge for reclaiming damage soil in forest, the changes of temperature, moisture, chemical properties, heavy metals and harmful compound during the aerobic decomposition were investigated, and the compost decomposition of final products investigated the round paper chromatography method and G.I(Germination index) value. The results were summarized as follows. Temperature was changed a little during early 5days because of air temperature too low. That was rapidly increased to over $50^{\circ}C$ at 4days after first turning and then decreased gradually fallen to $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ at 15days after aerobic decomposition in A and C treatments. The second turning was conducted at 18 days after aerobic decomposition, and then the temperature was little changed. At the compare first with terminal product, The moisture content was decreased all treatments but the change was little in A and B treatments. pH was decreased to below 1 in all treatments. EC was increased to below 5dS/m. The content of total carbon, C/N ratio, $NH_4{^+}-N$ were decreased with 4~7%, below 8 and below 500mg/kg in all treatments, respectively. The content of total nitrogen, $NO_3{^-}-N$, CEC were increased with below 0.5%, below 173mg/kg and over $30cmol^+/kg$ in all treatments, respectively. The content of heavy metals and harmful compound were similar during aerobic decomposition and suited to standard of 가 grade in all treatments. The result of round paper chromatography method and G.I. value, The C treatment concluded well aerobic decomposition. Especially, the G.I. value in C treatment was 64.1 and 66.2 at cabbage and grass, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of plant spacing on the growth and root yield at different harvesting year in Astragalus membranceus. A local variety collected in Jung Sun. Kang Won was used on the 30 and 40cm row spacing, with different spacing between plant of 5, 10, 15, 20cm respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied as 6, 8 and 9kg/10a respectively, with compost of 1,000kg/10a. Branches, root length, root diameter and root weight were increased in the sparse planting compared with the dense planting. But emergence date, flowering date, stem height and node number were not significantly changed with plant spacing. The highest root yield was 211.8kg/10a at the $30{\time}10cm(67\;plants/m^2)$ in 1 year old plants of Astragalus membranceus. In case of two years old plants, branches, node number, root length, root diameter and root weight were increased in the sparse planting compared to the dense planting. But harvesting ratio was decreased in the dense planting, The highest dried root yield was 292kg/10a at the $40{\time}10cm\;(25\;Plants/m^2)$. In case of 3 years old plants, aerial part and root growth pattern were similar to the 2 years old plants, The dried root yield was highest(623kg/10a) in the $40{\time}10cm(25plants/m^2)$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.399-404
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• 1975

In order to study on the utility for feed of several leguminosae tree leaves, the leaves of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were collected from several places of Daejon city and Daeduck-Kun at the different growing seasons. The leaf productivities, the change of the contents of chemical components on the different growing seasons. and the palatability trial were determined. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Leaf productivities of Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were higher than that of Lespedeza spp., and the highest production of Amorpha' fruticosa was showed in august and that of Robinia pseudo acacia was showed in september. 2. Crude protein contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 12.6, 18.63 and 15.87% respectively and the protein contents of them showed gradual decrease as growing. 3. Crude fat contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 9.00, 5.85 and 4.70% respectively, and they displayed gradual increase as growing, 4. Crude fiber contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia were determined to 14.97, 12.61 and 9.80% respectively, and they showed gradual increase as growing. 5. The content of nitrogen free extract of Robinia pseudo acacia showed higher than those of Lespedeza spp. and Amorpha fruticosa, and all of them displayed gradual decrease as growing. 6. Crude ash contents of Lespedeza spp., Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudo acacia determined to 4.40, 4.98 and 5.27% respectively, and variable changes were appeared as growing. 7. The results of palatability trial for three leaves showed superior to the order of Lespedeza spp., Robinia pseudo acacia and Amorpha fruticosa, and the dried leaves were more favorable than green leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.345-354
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• 2013

To understand the community structures of the vegetation of the beaches and coastal dunes of Seocheon-gun, Boryeong-si, Anmyeon-do, Taean-gun in Chungcheongnam-do and Buan-gun in Jeollabuk-do at the west coast of South Korea, a plant sociological vegetation survey was carried out to make a classification of correlation vegetation communities, a cluster analysis and an inorganic component analysis on the soil and plant body. Regarding the vegetation of the coastal dunes, plant communities were classified into 31 communities by correlation dominant species, and as a result of a cluster analysis on the vegetation communities, they were classified into five vegetation types such as Calystegia soldanella community, Rosa rugosa community, Imperata cylindrica community, Vitex tend community and Elymus mollis community. The soil pH was highest in Seocheon area ($7.54{\pm}1.18$) while lowest in Buan area ($6.29{\pm}2.15$), and regarding inorganic components, the nitrogen content was highest in Robinia while lowest in Imperata cylindrica. The soil PH of vegetation I was highest (8.23) among the five vegetation types, and the organic matter was lowest (71.58). As a result of CCA ordination analysis to examine the correlation among environmental factors, Calystegia soldanella community, Rosa rugosa community and Imperata cylindrica community among the five vegetation types were distributed while they were not affected by soil environmental elements, but Vitex tend community and Elymus mollis community were distributed mainly at the places with high $K^+$ content in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.551-560
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• 2013

Environmental factors and epilithic diatom communities in the lower streams near the harbor region of South Korean peninsula were examined during no monsoon period in May 2013. The sampling of water and epilithic diatoms was conducted at both streams, 19 regulated streams (RS) that there are one or several dams constructed in the river system, and 19 un-regulated streams (US) that there are no dams within the river. A cluster analysis based on the number of species and abundance of epilithic diatoms through the stations, divided into three groups such as groups I (mainly US), II (mixed with US and RS) and III (mainly RS), respectively. Group I showed that water quality is good and high diversity of diatom, while Group II and III was water quality is relatively poor, but not differed in biomass of diatom from Group I. In addition, Group II that had high conductivity, nitrogen and phosphorus, was the lowest in diatom diversity among them. Dominant species were Nitzschia palea (17%) and Navicula seminuloides (11%) in Group I, Nitzschia inconspicua (19%) and Navicula perminuta (9%) in Group II, and Nitzschia inconspicua (15%) and Nitzschia palea (14%) in Group III, respectively. These taxa were widely distributed in brackish water, and not closely related with specific water quality, like eutrophic water. However, the groups II and III belonged to RS, had not only little biomass, but bad water quality such as high concentrations of nutrient and chlorophyll-a. Therefore, to determine the effect of dam construction on the lower water ecosystem, the planktonic algae, which can occur algal bloom in the estuary, also was considered to be a parallel investigation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.49-54
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the total carbohydrate (CHO), nitrogen free extract (NFE), non fiberous carbohydrate (NFC) and ditery fiber (NDF, neutral detergent fiber; TDF, total dietary fiber; IDF, insoluble dietary fiber; SDF, soluble dietary fiber) of 17 kinds of domestic and Chinese herbs. The samples were dried at 60t for 24 hrs and ground to pass a 0.5mm screen. The contents of NFE was ranged from $85.73\%\;to\;57.57\%$, NDF was ranged from $85.72\%\;to\; 29.74\%$, CHO was ranged from $92.68\%\;to\;63.01\%$, TDF was ranged from $87.33\%$to 17.21, IDF was ranged from $86.37\%\;to\;14.56\%$, SDF was ranged from $6.06\%\;to\;0.97\%$ on domestic herbs in dry matter basis. NFE was ranged from $95.33\%\;to\;35.24\%$, NDF was ranged from $71.48\%\;to\;29.74\%$, CHO was ranged from $78.77\%\;to\; 35.24\%$, TDF was ranged from $86.43\%\;to\;16.22\%$, IDF was ranged from $85.98\%\;to\;13.04\%$, SDF was ranged from $4.13\%\;to\;0.45\%$ on Chinese herbs in dry matter. The several components of domestic and Chinese herbs were not significantly of TDF and IDF, but SDF was significantly by tow-tailed test. The correlationship of several herbs were r=0.99 between TDF and IDF (p<0.01), r=0.51 between TDF and SDF (p<0.01)on domestic herbs. The correlationship of 10 kinds herbs r=0.99 between TDF and IDF (p<0.01), r=0.50 between TDF and SDF (p<0.01) on Chinese herbs, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.473-482
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• 2004

The homobimetallic anion, $M^+({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2Mn(CO)_5^-(M^+=Na^+,\;PPN^+)$was disrupted by CH2CHCH2Cl in THF at various temperatures ($20^{\circ}C~50^{\circ}C$) under the pseudo 1st order reaction conditions where excess of allyl chloride was employed under a nitrogen atmosphere. This homobimetallic anion seems to be involved in a concerted reaction mechanism in which a four-centered transition state is proposed. After undergoing the transition state, this reaction eventually leads to (MeCp)Mn$(CO)_3$ on addition of CO and $({\eta}^1-allyl)Mn(CO)_5$, respectively. However, in case of $Na^+$ analog, $Na^+$ may play a novel counter ion effect on the disruption reaction either by transferring one terminal CO from the $Mn(CO)_5$ moiety on to the $({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2$of the corresponding homobimetallic complex, eventually resulting in $({\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_3$ or through the interaction between $Na^+$ and the leaving group (Cl) of allyl chloride. This reaction is of overall second order with respect to homobimetallic complex with the activation parameters (${\Delta}H^{\neq}=17.15{\pm}0.17kcal/mol,\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}=-9.63{\pm}0.10$ e.u. for $Na^+$ analog; ${\Delta}H^{\neq}=22.13{\pm}0.21 kcal/mol,\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}=9.74{\pm}0.19$ e.u. for $PPN^+$ analog reaction).