• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.274-281
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction. Perilla frutescens var. japonica extract (PFE) and its major compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated whether administration of PFE and RA contributes to cognitive improvement in an $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice were intracerebroventricularly injected with aggregated $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ to induce AD. $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mice were fed PFE (50 mg/kg/day) or RA (0.25 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and examined for learning and memory ability through the T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze test. RESULTS: Our present study demonstrated that PFE and RA administration significantly enhanced cognition function and object discrimination, which were impaired by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, in the T-maze and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, oral administration of PFE and RA decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the number of crossings over the removed platform when compared with the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced control group in the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, PFE and RA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney, and liver. In particular, PFE markedly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting production of NO and MDA in the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PFE and its active compound RA have beneficial effects on cognitive improvement and may help prevent AD induced by $A{\beta}$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.585-594
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• 2021

This Quasi-experimental study was started under the assumption that the stress of students who participated in Buddhism and Mind Healing Lectures based on an understanding of the scriptures will be relieved through the lectures, thereby enhancing their psychological stability, thinking ability, and enhancing understanding. Stress can be confirmed through a self-report test, but in this study, quantitative EEG was measured to evaluate the stress level and secure objectivity. To this end, the difference between the 1st week as pre and 15th week as post quantitative EEG was verified for the experimental group taking the Buddhism and Mind Healing Lecture held from March to June 2019 at S University in G-gu, Seoul, and the control group who did not. The Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon code ranking test were used as analysis methods because the number of subjects was 14. As a result, there was a significant difference in the beta wave (F7, T3, 4, T5) and the high beta wave (F7, F8, T3, T4) in the experimental group. The coherence was also improved, while there was no significant difference in the control group. Buddhism and Mind Healing Lectures improved stress.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2008

Two sesquiterpenes (1 - 2), a tetralone (3), and two phenylpropanoids (4 - 5) were isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia obovata Thunberg (Magnoliaceae) through repeated column chromatography. Their structures were identified as ${\beta}-eudesmol$ (1), cryptomeridiol (2), 4R-4,8-dihydroxy-${\beta}-tetralone$ (3), trans-pcoumaryl aldehyde (4), and p-coumaric acid (5) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including two dimensional NMR and mass. Compounds 1 - 3 were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activity against the K562, HeLa, A549, and HCT116 cancer cell lines. However, compounds 1 - 3 were inactive in this assay system.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 1991

From the roots of Rubus parvifolius L., four triterpenoidal sapogenins, ursolic acid 1. $2\alpha$-hydroxyursolic acid 2. causapic acid 3. $2\alpha$, $3\beta$, $19\alpha$-trihydroxyurs-12-en-23.28-dioic acid 4 and one triterpenoidal glycoside. suavissimoside $R_1$ 5. were isolated. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. Compound 4 was first isolated as free form.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-51
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• 2019

Our research on juvenile Oncorhynchus masou masou in oyster mushroom supplemented diet was studied to investigate the effect of feeding. Mixing of feed ingredients for dried oyster mushrooms, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0 (%) was added to the amount of oyster mushroom dietary beta-glucan content of the more abundant. After the weight of feed given to salmon survey oyster mushrooms diet for 3.5 to 7.0% was similar to the formula feed and the weight of the fish ate oyster mushroom feed over 10.5% were reduced. The oyster mushroom of the experimental diets containing 3.5 to 7.0 percent hepatosomatic index and feed coefficient figure was similar to those of the formulated diets. Therefore we have juvenile cherry salmon fed diets containing 3.5 to 7.0% was considered good to eat and additional research on the immune response will be carried out was necessary.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.182-195
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• 2001

Background : Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) is a devastating illness for which there is little effective treatment. The key cytokines currently implicated in the fibrotic process are the transforming growth factor-${\beta}_1$(TGF-${\beta}_1$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), endothelin-1(ET-1) and interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$). The rat model for paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis was chosen to investigate the role of ET-1 in this disease. Both ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression in lung lesions were examined using immunohistochemical staining. After $Bosentan^{(R)}$ administration, an orally active ET-$l_A$ and ET-$1_B$ receptor antagonist, the degree of pulmonary fibrosis and ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression were analyzed. Method : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, the control group, the fibrosis group, and the fibrosis-$Bosentan^{(R)}$-treated group. The animals were sacrificed periodically at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days after administering saline or paraquat. The effects between groups were compared with the results of light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$. The degree of fibrosis was evaluated by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining, which were graded by a computerized image analyzer. The degree of immunohistochemical staining was categorized by a semi-quantitative analysis method. Results : The lung collagen content had increased in the paraquat instillated animals by day 3, and continued to increase up to day 14. A daily treatment by gavage with $Bosentan^{(R)}$ (100mg/kg) did not prevent the increase in collagen deposition on the lung that was induced by paraquat instillation. There were increased immunohistochemical stains of ET-1 on the exudate, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and pneumocytes in the paraquat instillated group. Furthermore, TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression was higher on the exudate, macrophages, some inflammatory cells, pneumocytes( type I, and II), vascular endothelium and the respiratory epithelial cells around the fibrotic area. After Bosentan treatment, there were no definite changes in ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression. Conclusion : Fibrosis of the Paraquat instillated group was more advanced when compared with the control group. In addition, there was increased ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression around the fibrotic area. ET-1 is associated with lung fibrosis but there was little effect of the ET-1 receptor blocker($Bosentan^{(R)}$) on antifibrosis.Background : Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) is a devastating illness for which there is little effective treatment. The key cytokines currently implicated in the fibrotic process are the transforming growth factor-${\beta}_1$(TGF-${\beta}_1$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), endothelin-1(ET-1) and interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$). The rat model for paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis was chosen to investigate the role of ET-1 in this disease. Both ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression in lung lesions were examined using immunohistochemical staining. After $Bosentan^{(R)}$ administration, an orally active ET-$1_A$ and ET-$1_B$ receptor antagonist, the degree of pulmonary fibrosis and ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression were analyzed. Method : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, the control group, the fibrosis group, and the fibrosis-$Bosentan^{(R)}$-treated group. The animals were sacrificed periodically at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days after administering saline or paraquat. The effects between groups were compared with the results of light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$. The degree of fibrosis was evaluated by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining, which were graded by a computerized image analyzer. The degree of immunohistochemical staining was categorized by a semi-quantitative analysis method. Results : The lung collagen content had increased in the paraquat instillated animals by day 3, and continued to increase up to day 14. A daily treatment by gavage with $Bosentan^{(R)}$ (100mg/kg) did not prevent the increase in collagen deposition on the lung that was induced by paraquat instillation. There were increased immunohistochemical stains of ET-1 on the exudate, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and pneumocytes in the paraquat instillated group. Furthermore, TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression was higher on the exudate, macrophages, some inflammatory cells, pneumocytes( type I, and II), vascular endothelium and the respiratory epithelial cells around the fibrotic area. After Bosentan treatment, there were no definite changes in ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression. Conclusion : Fibrosis of the Paraquat instillated group was more advanced when compared with the control group. In addition, there was increased ET-1 and TGF-${\beta}_1$ expression around the fibrotic area. ET-1 is associated with lung fibrosis but there was little effect of the ET-1 receptor blocker($Bosentan^{(R)}$) on antifibrosis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1154-1158
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• 2012

A room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) derived from 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) consisting of tetrafluoroborate anion, 1-butyl-4-(4-sulfonylbutyl)-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydrogen sulfate tetrafluoroborate ($[C_4DABCOC_4SO_3H][BF_4][HSO_4]$) was synthesized and catalytically evaluated in the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes by cyclocondensation reaction of ${\beta}$-naphthol and aryl aldehydes. This novel RTIL with an acidic $SO_3H$ group showed high catalytic activity with good to excellent yields of the desired products in short reaction times. Moreover, the catalyst could be recovered and reused at least three times with only slight reduction in its catalytic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1074-1079
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• 2006

As part of our research on phytochemicals that exert protective effects against diseases related to reactive nitrogen species, we have evaluated the scavenging activity of the yellow leaves of Ginkgo biloba on $ONOO^{-}$. The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction obtained from yellow leaves of G. biloba evidenced a marked scavenging activity on authentic $ONOO^{-}$. Repeated column chromatography of the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and RP-18, resulted in the purification of 15 known compounds, including sciadopitysin (1), ginkgolide B (2), bilobalide (3), isoginkgetin (4), kaempferol (5), luteolin (6), protocatechuic acid (7), bilobetin (8), amentoflavone (9), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ glucopyranoside (10), kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranoside (11), kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside (12), kaempferol $3-O-[{6^{'}-O-p-coumaroyl-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranoside]$ (13), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (14), and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid (15). Among the compounds isolated, flavonoids (5, 6 and 11-14), protocatechuic acid (7), and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid (15) all exhibited marked scavenging activities on authentic $ONOO^{-}$. The $IC_{50}$ values of 5-7, 11-14 and 15 were as follows: $2.86{\pm}0.70,\;2.30{\pm}0.04,\;2.85{\pm}0.10,\;5.60{\pm}0.47,\;4.16{\pm}1.65,\;2.47{\pm}0.15,\;3.02{\pm}0.48,\;and\;6.24{\pm}0.27\;{\mu}M$, respectively. DL-Penicillamine ($IC_{50}=4.98{\pm}0.27\;{\mu}M$) was utilized as a positive control. However, the other compounds (1-4, 8-10) exerted no effects against $ONOO^{-}$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2007

lant ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases are involved in plant defense and in development. Very little data are available on the expression of rice glucanases both in developmental tissues and under various stresses. In this study, we cloned and characterized twenty-seven rice ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases (OsGlu) from at total of 71 putative glucanases. The OsGlu genes were obtained by PCR from a cDNA library and were classified into seven groups (Group I to VII) according to their DNA or amino acid sequence homology. Analysis of the expression of the twenty-seven OsGlu genes by Northern blotting revealed that they were differentially expressed in different developmental tissues as well as in response to plant hormones, biotic stress, high salt etc. OsGlu11 and 27 in Group IV were clearly expressed only in stem and leaf and were also induced strongly by SA (5 mM), ABA ($200{\mu}M$), and M. grisea. OsGlu1, 10, 11, and 14 were induced earlier and to higher levels in incompatible M. grisea interaction than in compatible one. Taken together, our findings suggest that the twenty-seven rice OsGlu gene products play diverse roles not only in plant defense but also in hormonal responses and in development.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

Purpose: To find optimized luminosity factor of color from light transmission filter. Methods: To make $Y_{1-x}G_{x}$, $Y_{1-x}P_{x}$ by using CR-39 compound within dipping method, mixing up Y(Yellow), G(green) and P(pink) for optimize eye sensitivity. Modeling for relative luminous efficiency(relative sensitivity) curves in Luminose transmission, it could be resolved by Multiplying sensitivity of eye within transmission rate of Lens ($P_f({\lambda}=T({\lambda}){\cdot}P({\lambda}).)$.). To evaluate Wavelength between 400~700 nm, relative luminous efficiency curve in Area and Height value is being used. Results: In color filter of $Y_{1-x}G_{x}$ position of x equals to 0.04, 0.1, 0.08, 0.12, 0.14, 0.5 at ${\beta}=S_1/S_0{\cdot}100$ each consist value of 76.1, 77.9, 80.7, 81.6, 80.2, 18.6 In color filter of $Y_{1-x}P_{x}$ position of x equals to 1.00, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8 at ${\beta}=S_1/S_0{\cdot}100$ each consist value of 74.3, 74.0, 70.5, 33.0 The result from experiment $Y_{1-x}P_{x}$ value less than $Y_{1-x}G_{x}$, from evaluating luminous efficiency curve and test was successfully optimized. Conclusions: Optimized relative luminous efficiency curve result have value of X=0.12-0.14 at $Y_{1-x}G_{x}$.