• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2019

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of force loading on root damage caused by contact with temporary anchorage devices (TADs) during orthodontic treatment and to examine the repair process 4, 8, and 12 weeks after TAD contact by micro-computed tomography (CT). Methods: We enrolled 42 volunteers who required bilateral upper first premolar extractions. The experimental study design was as follows. For both first premolars, cantilever springs were placed, and then TADs were immediately inserted between the premolars of all volunteers. According to the removal order of the appliances, the participants were divided into the TAD group (Group T: n = 21, only TAD removal) and the spring group (Group S: n = 21, only spring removal). A splitmouth design was adopted in both groups as follows. For each volunteer, the left premolars were extracted 4, 8, or 12 weeks after TAD-root contact. The right premolars were extracted immediately after contact in both groups (Groups T-C and S-C) and used as positive controls. Resorption volumes and numbers of craters were determined by micro-CT. Results: The numbers of resorption craters were higher in Group T than in Group S at 8 and 12 weeks (p < 0.01). Crater volumes were higher in Group T than in Group S at 4 and 12 weeks (p < 0.01, both). Conclusions: Root injury was not completely repaired 12 weeks after root-TAD contact, even when the TADs were removed in cases of continuous force application.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-57
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• 2001

It is well known that the apposition of bone at implant surface would be influenced by the microstructure of titanium implants. The purpose of this study was to compare bone healing around the screw-shaped titanium implant with three different surface topographies in the canine mandibles by histological and biomechanical evaluation. All mandibular premolars of six mongrel dogs were extracted and implants were placed one month later. The pure titanium implants had different surface topographies: smooth and machined ($Steri-OSS^{(R)}$: Group II); sandblasted and acid-etched ($ITI^{(R)}$, SLA: Group III) surface. The fluorescent dyes were injected on the 2nd (calcein), 4th (oxytetracycline HCI) and 12th (alizarin red) weeks of healing. Dogs were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks after implantation. The decalcified and undecalcified specimens were prepared for histological and histo-metrical evaluation of implant-bone contact. Some specimens at 12 weeks after implantation were used for removal torque testing. Histologically, direct bone apposition to implant surface was found in all of the treated groups. More mature and dense bone was observed at the implant-bone interface at 12 weeks than that at 4 weeks after implantation. Under the fluorescent microscope, thick regular green fluorescent lines which mean early bone apposition were observed at the implant-bone interface in Group III, while yellow and red fluorescent areas were found at the implant-bone interface in Group I and II. The average implant-bone contact ratios at 4 weeks of healing were 54.3% in Group I, 57.7% in Group II and 66.2% in Group III. In Group I, implant-bone contact ratio was significantly lower than Group II and III(p<0.05). The average implant-to-bone contact ratios at 12 weeks after implantation were 64.3% in Group I, 66.7% in Group II and 71.2% in Group III. There was no significant difference among the three groups. In Group I and II, the implant-bone contact ratio at 12 weeks increased significantly in comparison to ratio at 4 weeks(p<0.05). The removal torque values at 12 weeks after implantation were 90.9 Ncm in Group I, 81.6 Ncm in Group II and 77.1 Ncm in Group III, which were significantly different(p<0.05). These results suggest that bone healing begin earlier and be better around the surface-treated implants compared to the smooth surface implants. The sandblasted and acid-etched implants showed the most favorable bone response among the three groups during the early healing stage and could reduce the waiting period prior to implant loading.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.525-533
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• 1996

Chemical characteristics of the industrial wastewater sludge, degradation of the sludge in soil and CO2 generation and changes of nitrogen in soil treated with the sludge were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Degradation rate of the sludge in soil was 26% at natural temperature, and 33% at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment. 2. T-C, T-N and the C/N ratio of sludge in soil was 16.0%, 0.63% and 26, respectively, at natural temperature, and 15.0%, 0, 65% and 23, respectively, at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment. 3, Camulative CO2 generation in soil treated with l%, 3% and 5% of sludge was 284, 440 and 512 mg/100 g, respectively, at natural temperature, and 440, 558 g and 654 mg/100g, respectively, at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment. 4, Changes of :norganic nitrogen in soil treated with l%, 3% and 5% of sludge were 7.8, 12.8 and 16.3 mg/100g, respectively, at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment. Mineralization ratio of organic nitrogen in soil treated with 1%, 3% and 5% of sludge was 10.7%, 13.6% and 15.2%, respectively, at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment. 5. Chanties of pH in soil treated with 1%, 3% and 5% of Industrial wastewater sludge were in the range of 6.7~7, 5 at natural temperature, and 6.1~7.9 at incubation temperature at 12 weeks after treatment.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diet plus exercise training and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress-related variables in obese women. [Methods] Twenty-five women in their 20s-40s with 30% body fat and body mass indices above 25 kg/m² were divided into HR_LT (heart rate at lactate threshold) and HR_LT + 5% groups. Dietary intervention of 70% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and exercise treatment composed of aerobic exercises on a bicycle (30 min) and treadmill (30 min) were then performed. These interventions were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. [Results] Dietary intake was significantly decreased, while daily activity significantly increased within the 12-week intervention period, and this effect was sustained after 12 weeks of detraining. Exercise training based on dietary intake and daily activity presented a significantly decreased weight and % body fat, improvement of aerobic performance, and a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV) (e.g., average of all RR intervals and the square root mean squared differences of successive RR intervals) as stress-related variables. It was also confirmed that the improvement of body composition and stress-related variables were maintained even after detraining. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that 70% RDA of dietary intervention and exercise training corresponding to HR_LT and HR_LT + 5% for 12 weeks were effective in improving body composition and aerobic performance, and relieving stress. In particular, enhanced HRV persisted for up to 12 weeks after the end of exercise training in obese women.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.109-126
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is to examine the influence of exorcise program to body shape and body composition of women. Exercise program is composed muscular resistance exercise and aerobic exorcise with 70min/time, 5day/week for 4weeks and designed for the reinforcement of muscular strength and the decease the decrease of obesity. Methods : The subjects of this study are 26 females who are from twenty until thirty-nine years old and are divided into two groups according to Obese Rate. normal weight group is 18 females under a BMI of 23 and overweight group is 8 females over a BMI of 23. we measured body compositon and body shape with body composition analyzer(inbody 3.0) measured body compositions are body weight, Lean body mass, base metabolic rate, body fat, %body fat, waist hip ratio, body mass index. measured 6body shade are upper arm circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference. the measurements had been taken before exercise of each group, after 4 weeks, after 8 weeks, after 12 weeks. Body compositon and body shape of the measured data were analyzed by two-way repeated ANOVA followed by Dunnett's Post hoc test using SPSS. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results and Conclusions : The weight was reduced at a significant level in overweight group after 4 weeks. Body fat percent was reduced at a significant level in normal group alter 4 weeks and overweight group after 8 weeks. Waist-hip ratio was reduced at a significant level in normal and overweight group after 4 weeks. Lean body mass and body metabolic rate were reduced but did not satisfy statistical significance. Circumference of all body parts showed an decrease after 12 weeks exercise program. Upper Arm, Chest, Waist, Hip Circumference were reduced at a significant level in overweight group after 4 weeks, but In normal group only Waist Circumference was reduced at a significant level after 4 weeks. Aerobic and Circuit weight training for 12 weeks reduced body weight and body fat percent, waist circumstance statistically significant without loss of lean body mass and body metabolic rate. Also these change was more effective in overweight group than in normal group.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.20-33
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• 2000

The author was used for the ICR mouse and induced diabetes with the streptozotocin(50mg/kg)and alloxan(40mg/kg). After the testing and the identifying the diabetes, the histological changes of the glomerulus, blood test for the values of blood sugar, and urine test for the values of urine protein were investigated. The results are as follows : 1. The values of high blood sugar appeared from the 2 group were about $378mg/d{\ell}{\sim}709mg/d{\ell}$, in the treated groups with the streptozotocin and alloxan. The glycosuria were obviously continued from the 2 weeks to the 12 weeks of the streptozotocin and the alloxan treated groups and the proteinuria was ${\pm}{\sim}+$ in the 4 weeks and 8 weeks of streptozotocin treated group and were + in all the 12 weeks. The ketonuria were generally negative. 2. In the view of the light microscope, there was no significant histological changes until the 8 weeks. However, in the 12 weeks group treated with the streptozotocin, the mesangial matrix of glomerulus increased Bowman's capsules adhered to each other and changed them to the crescence shapes because of increasing the exothelial cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to produce data on the pulmonary toxicity of neodymium oxide($Nd_2O_3$) by intratracheal instillation. Methods: Two groups of rats were exposed to neodymium oxide by intratracheal instillation with doses of 0.5 mg and 2.0 mg, respectively. At two days, four weeks and 12 weeks after exposure, body weight change, organ weight change and histopathological change were observed. At 12 weeks after exposure, lung function change was measured. Results: The body weight of rats in the high concentration group decreased after 12 weeks by 4-5% compared with the control group. At four weeks and 12 weeks after the administration of neodymium oxide, the absolute weight of the lungs of the high concentration group were significantly increased when compared with the control group(p<0.05). At 12 weeks after the injection of neodymium oxide, breath frequency and respiratory minute volume were increased, but inhalation time and expiratory time were decreased. Bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, alveolar type II cell hypertrophy/hyperplasia and foreign body granulomatous inflammation were observed in the high exposure group. Conclusions: Body weight decrease, lung absolute weight and breath frequency increase, and pathological lung change were all observed. We found that pulmonary toxicity of neodymium oxide nanoparticles by intratracheal instillation could be confirmed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to observe the progression of symptoms according to the treatment period of patients with social anxiety disorder who received complex Korean medicine treatment. Methods: The medical records of 25 patients who were diagnosed with social anxiety disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and received complex Korean medicine treatment (herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Korean psychotherapy) for 12 weeks were analyzed. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Korean-Social Avoidance and Distress scale (K-SAD), and the Korean-Fear of Negative Evaluation (K-FNE) were measured at the initial hospital visit and during the 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Missing values were replaced with the average evaluation index value at that time. Results: 1) Statistically significant changes in STAI-X1, STAI-X2, BDI-II, BAI, K-SAD, and K-FNE scores were seen according to the time of treatment. 2) When scores were compared between each treatment time point, STAI-X2 and BDI-II showed statistically significant changes between the initial visit and four weeks of treatment, the initial visit and eight weeks of treatment, and the initial visit and 12 weeks of treatment. STAI-X1 and K-FNE showed statistically significant changes between the initial visit and eight weeks of treatment and the initial visit and 12 weeks of treatment. There was a statistically significant change in BAI scores between the initial visit and the 12th week of treatment. Conclusions: Complex Korean medicine treatment alleviated anxiety, depression, fear, and avoidance of social situation symptoms in patients with social anxiety disorder. The longer the treatment period, the more symptoms tended to be alleviated. However, the evidence should be supplemented with prospective, controlled research.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of mini-implants in relation to loading time. Methods: A total of 48 mini-implants (ORLUS, Ortholution, Korea) were placed into the buccal alveolar bone of the mandible in 8 male beagle dogs. Orthodontic force (200-250gm) was applied immediately for the immediate loading group while force application was delayed for 3 weeks in the delayed loading group. For the subsequent loading periods (3, 6, 12 weeks), BIC (bone implant contact) and BV/TV (bone volume/total volume) and mobility test were carried out. Results: The immediate loading group showed no changes in BIC from 3 to 12 weeks, while the delayed loading group showed a significant increase in BIC between 3 and 12 weeks (p<0.05). The BV/TO of the delayed loading group significantly increased from 6 to 12 weeks of loading (p<0.05), while the BV/TV of the immediate loading group decreased from 3 to 12 weeks of loading. However, there was no significant difference in BV/TV between experimental groups. The mobility of the immediate loading group was not significantly different from that of the delayed loading group after 12 weeks of loading (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results showed that immediate loading does not have a negative effect on the stability of mini-implants compared to the early loading method in both the clinical and histomorphometric point of view.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 1997

The effects of diet induced hyperlipidemia on kidney function were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats fed high fat diet containing 20% beef tallow and high cholesterol diet containing 5% cholesterol for 8, 12, 16 weeks, respectively. The concentrations of serum total lipid, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly high cholesterol diet groups during all experimental periods (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol concentration was the lowest value in high cholesterol diet group of 16 weeks(p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration was not affected by experimental diets. Serum total protein, albumin and creatinine concentration tended to higher in high cholesterol diet groups than those in high fat diet groups. And serum urea-N concentration was higher in high fat diet group of 16 weeks than that in other diet groups. Urinary total protein and urea-N were higher in high cholesterol diet groups than those in other diet groups regardless of experimental period period. There was no significant difference in urinary creatinine concentratin among diet groups(p<0.05). GFR was lower in high cholesterol diet groups than that in high fat diet groups at 8, 16 weeks, respectively. Wet weight per body weight, total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol concentations of liver tissue were apparently high in high cholesterol diet groups(p<0.05). Kidney wet weight per body weight wer not affected by experimently diets, total lipid concentration of kidney tissue was significantly high in high fat diet groups of 12 weeks(p<0.05), kidney tissue triglyceride concentrations of high cholesterol diet groups of 12, 16 weeks apparently low, and total cholesterol concentration of kidney tissue was higher in experimental diet groups than that of control groups at 12, 16 weeks(p<0.05). Fecal excretion, total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations of feces were markedly high in all high cholesterol diet groups except high fat diet group of 16 weeks. The results of light microscopic examination indicated that glomerulosclerosis was not obsrved in rats fed experimental diets.