• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 1998

Quality and component of dry Omija during storage and shelf-life of fresh Omija were investigated. Acidity and pH of dry Omija were not significantly different among drying methods, but reducing sugar(3.77%) of field (drying was much lower than that of hot air drying(11.02%) and freeze drying(10.12%). Crude protein was higher in order of freeze drying> hot air drying> field drying, and the optical density of freeze drying at 520nm were higher up to about 3 times than field drying and hot air drying, respectively. Moisture content of dry Omija during the storage was increased, whereas acidity decreased at 25$^{\circ}C$. However changed little at 4, -5, -20$^{\circ}C$ Reducing sugar increased until 8 mouth, and thereafter decreased continuously. Optical density and color(L,a,b) decreased at 25$^{\circ}C$ but increased at 4, -5, -20$^{\circ}C$. Shelf-life of flesh Omija at 4$^{\circ}C$ was limited to 9 days because staring decay. Acidity and reducing sugar of flesh Omija continuously decreased during storage at -5, -60$^{\circ}C$. Optical density increased until 8 month and then decreased, and especially the optical density of 8 month storage at -60$^{\circ}C$ was higher than initial's.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.339-350
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• 2013

The decreased body, liver, kidney, spleen and testis weights of guinea pigs by TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-${\rho}$-dioxin) treatment (TT) were statistically significantly increased after treating red ginseng saponin fraction (SF) (p>0.01). After treated with SF, the decreased hematocrits values and numbers of RBC and platelet, activity of amylase and lactate dehydrogenase, levels of uric acid, total protein and albumin by TT were increased, and the increased numbers of WBC, levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, activities of creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were decreased after treated with SF. And they all had a statistical significance (p>0.01) except for RBC, WBC, platelet, blood glucose, TC, calcium and albumin. From these results, we knew that SF mollified the acute toxicity induced by TCDD in guinea pigs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.3 s.144
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• pp.357-362
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• 2006

Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from the domestic soil and a strain was selected that had a new host range and high toxicity against agriculture insect pest. The 142 samples of soil were sampled from the mountains, paddy fields and patches, in Daejon, Chungnam, Chungbuk and Jeonbuk and used for the investigation. Sixteen B. t strains were isolated from 12 samples among collected samples. There were 11 strains that showed toxical activity on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 7 steins on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Arete coerulea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) among the 16 isolated B. t strains. But there were not any strains that showed activity against Hyphanria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae). And also some of B. thuringiensis strains showed insecticidal activity with 2, 3 or 4 kinds of insects. But there were also 3 strains that did not show any activities to the 6 insects which were used in the experiment. When examined with a phase-contrast microscope, the insecticidal crystal protein produced from 16 selected strains had 13 bipyramidal and 3 spherical shapes. The insecticidal bioactivity of the S. litura showed 100% mortality when there were $1.3{\times}10^{7}\;(cfu/ml)$ of CAB109 isolates.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to develop value-added sauce(ketchup) products with Korean advanced chile peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), determine their physicochemical characteristics, and conduct a sensory evaluation. American chile ketchup products were collected from American local favorites and analyzed based on their compositions. The Korean chile ketchup contained tomato paste(37.5%), Korean chile pepper(14.1%), sugar(14.8%), vinegar(14.1%), garlic(8.5%), herbs, plum extract, and oligosaccharide. Its physiochemical analysis showed: moisture $59.61{\pm}0.28%$, crude protein $2.18{\pm}0.11%$, crude lipid $1.99{\pm}0.04%$, crude ash $9.26{\pm}0.13%$, crude carbohydrate $26.97{\pm}0.48%$, reducing sugar $35.19{\pm}0.97%$, salt $3.04{\pm}0.04%$, acidity $2.22{\pm}0.01%$, pH $3.7{\pm}0.01$, and $^{\circ}brix\;36.3{\pm}0.14$. Korean chile ketchup showed higher overall acceptability compared to American local favorite chile ketchup. This result suggests the possibility for replacing chile ketchup products imported from foreign countries(USA and Europe).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.985-989
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine the best conditions for preparing Toranbyung. We examined different boiling periods (0~20 min) and types of Gomyeong (pine nut, soy, black sesame, and chestnut powder), as recorded in "Sumunsasul". The boiled taros were evaluated for proximate composition, free sugar contents, and Hunter's color values. In addition, the sensory characteristics of Toranbyung boiled for different periods and prepared using different types of Gomyeong were investigated. The moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents of taro decreased by 83.42~84.61%, 1.25~1.31%, 0.08~0.11%, and 0.62~0.81%, respectively, as the length of boiling time increased. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose, the major free sugars found in taro, decreased by 0.17~0.33%, 0.16~0.29%, and 0.26~0.38%, respectively, as the length of boiling time increased. Sensory evaluation indicated no significant difference in the flavor and taste of Toranbyung boiled for different periods of time. However, Toranbyung boiled for 10 min was significantly better and was found to be the most acceptable among all the samples. Furthermore, sensory evaluation of Toranbyung prepared with different types of Gomyeong indicated that the Toranbyung prepared with soy powder was favored over Toranbyung prepared using other types of Gomyeong. In conclusion, we determine that the best conditions for preparing Toranbyung were boiling for 10 min and using soy powder as the Gomyeong.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1754-1759
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• 2002

A study was carried out to investigate the nutritive value and utilization of hybrid sorghum and perennial grass species viz. setaria (Setaria anceps) and hybrid napier when intercropped with soybean by growing Jersey crossbred heifers. Fifteen growing crossbred heifers (Jersey${\times}$Red Sindhi) of between 7-10 months age and pre-trial average body weight of 49-50 kg were divided on the basis of weight in to three treatment groups viz. $T_1$-hybrid sorghum+soybean, $T_2$-setaria+soybean and $T_3$-hybrid napier+soybean in a completely randomized block design. Intercropped forages were harvested fresh, chaffed and mixed before they were offered to the heifers. Chemical composition of the herbage, dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain and nutrient digestibility co-efficients were estimated. The herbage mixtures had crude protein (CP) content in the range of 11.87 to 13.86% and ether extract (EE) contents were 2.91 to 3.11%, respectively. The herbage mixtures were rich in minerals (ash). The gross energy (kcal/g DM) was higher in hybrid napier+soybean, while hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures had lower value for gross energy. The hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures had higher contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose, lignin and silica as compared to that of hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture. The heifers fed hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture had significantly (p<0.05) higher $DMI\;g/kg\;W^{0.75}$ ($97.41{\pm}4.34$) as compared to hybrid sorghum+soybean ($88.31{\pm}2.66$) and setaria+soybean ($79.29{\pm}1.06$) herbage mixtures. Nutrients digestibility, DCP percent, DCP intake and nitrogen balance were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the heifers fed on hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture. There was a significant (p<0.05) difference among different herbage mixtures in TDN. The heifers on setaria+soybean herbage mixture had lower average body weight gain (g/day) than those on hybrid sorghum+soybean and hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixtures. Data obtained in this experiment demonstrated that herbage mixture of hybrid napier+soybean was better than hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures in the nutrition of growing heifers. It had highest nutritive value, better digestibility co-efficients which showed better growth rate and higher feed efficiency. In ranking, hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture was better followed by hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean in nutritive value in the parameters studied. For future wasteland development program in humid-sub tropics of Himachal Pradesh hybrid napier and its intercropping with soybean is recommended for general adoption because of its better adaptability and higher nutritive value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows ($42{\pm}12$ DIM, $40{\pm}6kg$ daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.818-824
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select Meju of a good quality through general composition analysis, organoleptic evaluation, and to conduct isolation, identification, and growth characteristics of main strain related to fermentation from selected Meju. Moisture and crude protein of Meju were 7.2∼28.8% and 32.7∼42.3%, respectively. The amino nitrogen contents of Kyongbuk and Chonbuk Mejus were 770.8 mg% and 239.9 mg%, respectively. And also, free amino acid and glutamic acid contents of Doenjangs made from Chonbuk and Kyongbuk Mejus were 4,169.6 mg% and 499.4 mg%, respectively. The result of sensory evaluation of Mejus collected from several regions showed Kyongbuk was the most suitable Meju in items of color, flavor, appearance and overall (p<0.05). The typical properties of B. lichenifomis NH20 strain isolated from Kyongbuk Meju showed gram positive, aerobic rod cell and motility. As major component among its cellular fatty acid composition, $C_{15:0}$ anteiso fatty acid, $C_{15:1}$ iso fatty acid, $C_{17:0}$ anteiso fatty acid, and $C_{17:0}$ iso fatty acid were 30.7, 28.9, 13.3 and 11.2%, respectively. It showed the same identification coefficient (0.653) compared to the standard strain. Therefore, it was identified to be B. licheniformis NH20 according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and its fatty acid profiles. The optimum pH, temperature, salt content, and culture time of B. licheniformis NH20 were 7.0, 32$^{\circ}C$, 2%, and 9 hours, respectively.ctively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1479-1484
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of fermented-defatted soybean grits (DSG). Fermented-DSG was prepared by inoculating Bacillus subtilis NUCI into steamed DSG at 2% (v/w) concentration and fermenting at $40^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The protein contents of DSG and fermented-DSG were higher by $57.2{\sim}61.0%$ than those of Chungkukjang, but lipid contents of these samples were not detected. The protease and $\alpha$-amylase activities, and solid contents in DSG were not shown. However, the activities of protease and $\alpha$-amylase, tyrosine contents, fluid consistency, and viscous substance contents of fermented-DSG were higher than those of Chungkukjang. The levels of free amino acids and isoflavone of fermented-DSG tended to increase more than those of DSG. The sensory score of fermented-DSG were higher in odor and taste than those of Chungkukjang groups, while lower in color and overall acceptability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1249-1254
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• 2000

A study was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as nitrogen sources in commercial type supplements for dairy goats. Six crossbred $(Toggenburg{\times}Saanen)$ goats at late stage of lactation were allocated to three dietary treatments in a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The animals were offered rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum and supplemented with either Leucaena-based concentrate (LBC), Gliricidia-based concentrate (GBC) or commercial based concentrate (CC). Voluntary food intake, milk yield and composition and changes in live weight were measured. The total dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC than CC (1385 vs 1331 g/d). The DM intake for LBC (1343 g/d) was similar to CC (1331 g/d). The DM intake of hay was also higher (p<0.05) in goats fed GBC (834 g/d) than those receiving LBC or CC (789, 782 g/d, respectively). Animals supplemented with GBC recorded positive (11 g/d) weight gain while the other groups lost weight (13, 19 g/d) for LBC and CC respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The composition of milk were: butterfat 58, 49 and 55 g/kg; crude protein 37.0, 35.4 and 36.1 g/kg; lactose 33, 29 and 30 g/kg; Ash 8.5, 8.5 and 7.9 g/kg and total solids 136.5, 121.9 and 129.0 g/kg, for goats fed LBC, GBC and CC respectively. There were no differences in the composition of milk due to these dietary treatments. At the end of performance trial, a digestibility trial was conducted using 6 female goats allocated to the three treatments (LBC, GBC and CC) in an incomplete randomized block design and each goat received a different supplement in each of two successive periods. There were no differences in nutrient digestibility except for DM, which was higher (p<0.05) in CC compared to the other treatments (615, 622, 720 g/kg for LBC, GBC and CC, respectively). Economic analysis showed that CC diet was more expensive (0.20 US$/kg) and had a lower margin over supplementation (0.11 US$) compared to LBC and GBC (0.13 vs 0.12 US$/kg and 01.5 vs 0.12 US$, respectively). It is concluded that the Leucaena and Gliricidia could contribute as nitrogen sources in compounded diet supplements without any detrimental effects on production in dairy goats.