• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.376-380
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of temperature and pH on in vitro nutrient degradability, volatile fatty acid profile and methane production. The fermenter used was the semi-continuous system, known as the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Sixteen cylinders were used at one time with a volume of 800 ml, the dilution rate was set at 3.5%/hour, the infused buffer being McDougall's artificial saliva. Basal diet (9.6 g DM) used in RUSITEC consisted of (DM) 6.40 g Timothy hay, 1.86 g crushed corn and 1.34 g soybean meal. The food for the fermentation vessel was provided in nylon bags, which were gently agitated in the liquid phase. The experiment lasted for 17 d with all the samples taken during the last 5 d. Treatments were allocated at random to four vessels each and were (1) two temperature levels of $39^{\circ}C$ and $41^{\circ}C$ (2) two pH levels of 6.0 and 7.0. The total diet contained ($g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) 957 OM, 115 CP and $167MJ\;kg^{-1}$ (DM) GE. Although increase in temperature from $39^{\circ}C$ to $41^{\circ}C$ reduced degradation of major nutrients in vitro, it was non-significant. Interaction effect of temperature with pH also reflected a similar trend. However, pH showed a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on the degradability of all the nutrients in vitro. Altering the in vitro pH from 7 to 6 caused marked reduction in DMD from 60.2 to 41.8, CPD from 76.3 to 55.3 and GED from 55.3 to 35.1, respectively. Low pH (6) depressed total VFA production (61.9 vs. 34.9 mM) as well as acetate to propionate ratio in vitro (from 2.0 to 1.5) when compared to pH 7. Compared to pH 7, total gas production decreased from 1,841 ml to 1,148 ml at pH 6, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ production also reduced from 639 to 260 ml and 138 to 45 ml, respectively. This study supported the premise that pH is one of the principal factors affecting the microbial production of volatile fatty acids and gas. Regulating the ruminal pH to increase bacterial activity may be one of the methods to optimize VFA production, reduce methane and, possibly, improve animal performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1120-1127
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• 2011

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on citrus-juice waste and corn-soybean substrate on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbial population and intestinal morphology in broilers. Three hundred twenty d-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of BW in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had 4 replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases, starter (d 0 to 21) and finisher (d 21 to 35). Dietary treatments were; negative control (NC: basal diet without any antimicrobial), positive control (PC: basal diet added with 20 mg/kg Avilamycin), basal diet added with 0.30% Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on corn-soybean substrate (P1), and basal diet added with 0.30% Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 grown on citrus-juice waste substrate (P2). Overall BW gain, feed intake and FCR were better (p<0.05) in PC, P1 and P2 treatments as compared to NC. Moreover, overall BW gain and FCR in PC and P2 treatments were greater than P1. Retention of CP, GE (d 21, d 35) and DM (d 35) were increased (p<0.05) in treatments PC, P1 and P2 compared with NC. At d 35, caecal Clostridium and Coliform counts were lower (p<0.05) in treatments PC, P1 and P2 than NC. Moreover, Clostridium and Coliform counts in treatment PC was lower (p<0.05) than P1. Villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in both duodenum and ileum were increased (p<0.05) in treatments PC, P1, P2 as compared to NC. However, retention of nutrients, caecal microbial population and intestinal morphology remained comparable among treatments P1 and P2. It is concluded that Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 inclusion at 0.30% level had beneficial effects on broilers' growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microflora and intestinal morphology. Additionally, citrus-juice waste can be used as substrate for growth of probiotic Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.536-545
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence of radius and tibia using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and to identify affecting factors of osteoporosis. A total of 4,340 women aged 40 - 69 years, living in Ansung (rural) and Ansan (mid-sized) area, and free of illnesses affecting bone metabolism participated in the community-based cohort study. Among them 4,059 subjects measured radius bone density and 4,089 measured tibia. The T-score threshold, defined as < -1.0 and $\le$-2.5, was used to identify subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis by WHO criteria. The crude prevalence of osteoporosis in radius and tibia was $8.4\%$ and $23.3\%$ respectively; after adjustment for age, it changed $6.3\%$ and $18.8\%$. In simple logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased by aging, non-marital status, low education, low income. Otherwise, high intakes of Ca/P, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin E were decreased osteoporosis prevalence. Compared to the normal BMI (body mass index) group 08.5 $\le$ BMI < 23), the odds ratio (ORs) of the low BMI group (BMI < 18.5), and high BMI groups (BMl25-30, BMI $\ge$ 30) were significantly increased. The OR of osteoporosis decreased across increasing quartiles of intakes of Ca, P and Ca/P. Therefore, maintaining normal BMI and increasing Ca intake and Ca/P ratio may have a beneficial effect on bone health of Korean women.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.262-274
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• 2007

Objective : It has been reported that two-repeats ($IL1RN^{\ast}2$) of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene is associated with ischemic stroke, and that Ala allele of the common Pro12Ala polymorphism in $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ isoform is associated with reduced risk for type 2 DM and its complications. The aim of the present study is to assess the association of IL-1Ra and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism with the presence of ischemic stroke in the case of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods : Genomic DNA was obtained from 373 healthy subjects, 157 DM subjects without ischemic stroke (known DM duration ${\ge}10$ years) and 302 ischemic stroke patients (including with DM). IL-1Ra polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ polymorphism by restriction fragment length polymorphism after PCR. Results : $IL1RN^{\ast}1/IL1RN^{\ast}2$ genotype was associated with significantly increased risk for DM (OR=2.86, P = 0.0008) and ischemic stroke (OR=2.74, P = 0.0016). Pro/Ala genotype was associated with the reduced risk for DM (OR=0.53, P = 0.0491) and ischemic stroke (OR=0.38, P = 0.0039). They were also associated with the reduced risk for ischemic stroke in the DM patients compared with DM without ischemic stroke (OR=0.25, P = 0.0321). Conclusions : $IL1RN^{\ast}2$ allele could be an accelerating factor, not a predictive marker for ischemic stroke in type 2 DM. The Pro/Ala genotype of $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism may be associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke with type 2 DM. Therefore it could be a useful predictive marker for ischemic stroke in Korean type 2 DM.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.241-256
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• 2001

Alginate microspheres, containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) were prepared and used as a model drug to develop the oral vaccine delivery system. The alginate microspheres were coated with poly-L-lysine or chitosan. Two methods, w/o-emulsion and spray, were used to prepare alginate microspheres. To optimize preparation conditions, effects of several factors on the particle size and particle morphology of microsphere, and loading efficiency of model antigen were investigated. In both preparation methods, the particle size and the loading efficiency were enhanced when the concentration of sodium alginate increased. In the w/o-emulsion preparation method, as the concentration of Span 80 was increased from 0.5% to 2%, the particle size was decreased, but the loading efficiency was increased. The higher the emulsification speed was, the smaller the particle size and loading efficiency were. The concentration of calcium chloride did not show any effect on the particle size and loading efficiency. In the spray preparation method, the particle size was increased as the nozzle pressure $(from\;1\;kgf/m^2\;to\;3\;kgf/m^2)$ and spray rate was raised. Increasing calcium chloride concentration (<7%) decreased the particle size, in contrast to no effect of calcium chloride concentration on the w/o-emulsion preparation method. Alginate microspheres prepared by two methods were different in the particle size and loading efficiency, the particle size of microspheres prepared by the spray method was about $2-6\;{\mu}m$, larger than that prepared by the w/o emulsion method $(about\;2{\mu}m)$, and the loading efficiency was also higher with spray method. Furthermore, drying process for the microspheres prepared by the spray was simpler and easier, compared with the w/o emulsion preparation. Therefore, the spray method was chosen to prepare alginate microspheres for further experiments. Release pattern of FITC-BSA in alginate microspheres was evaluated in simulated intestinal fluid and PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Dissolution rate of FITC-BSA from alginate/chitosan microsphere was lower than that from alginate microsphere and alginate/poly-L-lysine microsphere. By confocal laser scanning microscope, it was revealed that alginate/FITC-poly-L-lysine microspheres were present in close apposition epithelium of the Peyer's patches of rabbits following inoculation into lumen of intestine, which proved that microspheres could be taken up by Peyer's patch. In conclusion, it is suggested that alginate microsphere prepared by spray method, showing a particle size of & $10\;{\mu}m$ and a high loading efficiency, can be used as a model drug for the development of oral vaccine delivery system.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2000

Bioequivalence of two cisapride tablets, test drug ($Cisple^{\circledR}$ tablet: Hanmi Pharm Co., Ltd.) and reference drug ($Prepulsid^{\circledR}$ tablet: Janssen Pharm. Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty two healthy male volunteers were divided randomly into two groups and administered the drug orally at the dose of 10 mg as cisapride in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a week washout period between administrations. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals for 36 hr and the plasma concentration of cisapride was determined by a HPLC method. $AUC_{0-36hr}$ (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 36 hr), $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were estimated from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no difference in $AUC_{0-36hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two products. The apparent differences of these parameters between two products were less than 20% (i.e., 5.38, 6.17 and 0.00% for $AUC_{0-36hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},$ respectively). The powers $(1-\beta)$ for $AUC_{0-36hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were over 0.9. Minimal detectable differences $(\Delta)$ at ${\alpha}=0.05,\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (i.e. 17.67, 14.84 and 19.72% for $AUC_{0-36hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},$ respectively). The 90% confidence intervals $(\delta)$ for these parameters were also within ${\pm}20%$ $(i.e.\;-4.97\;{\le}{\delta}{\le}\;15.73,\;-2.53{\le}{\delta}{\le}\;14.86\;and\;-11.55{\le}{\delta}{\le}\;11.55$ for $AUC_{0-36hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},$ respectively). These results satisfied the criteria of KFDA guidelines for bioequivalence, indicating the two tablets of cisapride were bioequivalent.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2005

Relationship between structure and biological activity was performed using the five substance P-related peptides (SPRPs) [mammalian-SP (M-SP), cod-SP (C-SP), trout-SP (T-SP), lungfish-SP (L-SP) and Ranakinin] and four SP analogs [[$His^5$]-SP (5H-SP), [$Gly^5$]-SP (5G-SP), ($Ile^8$)-SP (8I-SP) and ($Trp^8$)-Ranakinin (8W-Ranakinin)]. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that all of the peptides took an unordered structure in buffer solution and artificial liposomes. However, 8W-Ranakinin undergoes conformational changes by being transferred into neutral and acidic liposomes from an unordered structure to more ordered structure. The arterial relaxing effect of the peptides was also studied with guinea-pig aorta (GPA), As a result of the studies, L-SP was about 14-fold more potant than M-SP. The order of potency compared to $EC_{50}$ value was $L-SP{\gg}M-SP>5G-SP{\ge}8I-SP>5H-SP>T-SP$, C-SP, Ranakinin, 8W-Ranakinin.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.5-16
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• 2005

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments have been increasingly used and researched around the world. The inclusion of one or multiple geosynthetic reinforcements over the pile is intended to enhance the efficiency of load transfer from soft ground to piles, to reduce total and differential settlement and increase global or local stability. In this paper, the reinforcement effectiveness and arching effect of the geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported embankments have been studied in terms of field model tests and numerical analysis with varying the space between piles and reinforcement. 2-dimensional numerical analysis has been conducted using the FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) program. And load transfer mechanisms between soil-piles-geogrid were investigated. The mechanisms of load transfer can be considered as a combination of embankment soil arching, tension geogrid, and stress concentration due to the stiffness difference between pile and soft ground. Based on the field model test and numerical analysis results, it was found that the geosynthetic reinforcement slightly interferes with soil arching, and helps reduce differential settlement of the soft ground. Also. at the D/b=3 (D: spacing of pile cap, b: diameter of pile), the total settlement is reduced by about $40\%$ compared to that without reinforcement. For $D/b{\ge}6$, the effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement in reducing settlement is negligible.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.4 no.2 s.7
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• pp.84-89
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• 2004

Background: Many studies on efficacy of preemptive analgesia have been processed in different ways. But the value of preemptive analgesia is still controversial. The goal of this study was to compare analgesic effect of an NSAID according to three different administration times for oral surgical pain. Patients and Methods: Using a randomized, parallel-group, single-center, and active-controlled test design, this study was conducted to healthy 80 patients undergoing a surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar requiring bone removal. The oral NSAID was first administered 1 hour preoperatively, or 1 hour postoperatively, or no scheduled administration in pre or postsurgery. Whenever patients felt at least moderate pain (score ${\ge}$ 5 on a 10-point scale) after surgery, they were instructed to take the same drug. Pain intensities and times to the first and second onset of postoperative pain from end of surgery were assessed for 24 hours. Results: Of the enrolled eighty subjects in this study, 25 patients were assigned to preemptive, 26 to post-treatment and 29 to no treatment group. The demographic distribution and duration of surgery in the three groups were statistically similar. The mean time to first onset of postoperative pain was significantly prolonged in post-treatment group (277.2 minutes, p < 0.05) compared to preemptive (158.4 minutes) and no treatment group (196.5 minutes). The mean time to second onset of postoperative pain was not significantly different among the three groups. No significant statistical difference was found among the mean pain intensities at the first and second onset of postoperative pain in the three groups. Conclusions: In this small selected group of subjects and limited study design, the analgesic effects of NSAID administered preoperatively were no longer effective for postoperative pain. The results in this population imply that scheduled postoperative analgesics before pain development are adequate for postoperative analgesia without preoperative administration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 14 Chung-bu medicinal materials described in the Dongui Bogam on inflammatory cytokine production in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells. In order to confirm this possibility, we screened inhibition activity of 17 cytokines using Bio-Plex Pro^TM Human Cytokine 17-plex assay in HaCaT cell lines. Of the 14 Chung-bu medicinal materials, Holotrichia (Ho) and Scorpio (Sc) exerted inhibitory effects on interleukin (IL)-5 production; Ho, Mantidis Ootheca (MO), and Hirudo (Hi) exerted inhibitory effects on IL-6 production; Ho, MO, Lumbricus (Lu), Hi, and Meretricis Concha (MC) showed significant inhibitory effects on IL-8 production; Gecko (Ge), Bombycis Faeces (BF), Cicadidae Periostracum (CP), and MC showed significant inhibitory effects on IL-13 production; and Testudinis Chinemis Plastrum et Carapax (TCPC), BF, and Lu exerted significant inhibitory effects on MIP-1β production. Results indicated that the Chung-bu medicinal materials might be a good candicate as potential anti-inflammatory agents for inhibition of skin inflammation. However, further investigations on these materials, including mechanistic studies, should be carried out to validated the effects in human skin equivalent models of dermatitis.