• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

We have previously reported that expression of the somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1-5, is differentially regulated by growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) and forskolin (FSK), in vitro. GHRH binds to membrane receptors selectively located on pituitary somatotropes, activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and increases sst1 and sst2 and decreases sst5 mRNA levels, without significantly altering the expression of sst3 and sst4. In contrast FSK directly activates AC in all pituitary cell types and increases sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreases sst3, sst4 and sst5 expression. Two explanations could account for these differential effects: 1) GHRH inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression in somatotropes, but this inhibitory effect is masked by expression of these receptors in unresponsive pituitary cell types, and 2) FSK inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression levels in pituitary cell types other than somatotropes. To differentiate between these two possibilities, somatotropes were sequentially labeled with monkey anti-rat GH antiserum, biotinylated goat anti-human IgG, and streptavidin-PE and subsequently purified by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). The resultant cell population consisted of 95% somatotropes, as determined by GH immunohistochemistry using a primary GH antiserum different from that used for FACS sorting. Purified somatotropes were cultured for 3 days and treated for 4 h with vehicle, GHRH (10 nM) or FSK ($10{\mu}M$). Total RNA was isolated by column extraction and specific receptor mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative multiplex RT-PCR. Under basal conditions, the relative expression levels of the various somatostatin receptor subtypes were sst2＞sst5＞sst3=sst1＞ sst4. GHRH treatment increased sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreased sst3, sst4 and sst5 mRNA levels in purified somatotropes, comparable to the effects of FSK on purified somatotropes and mixed pituitary cell cultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GHRH acutely modulates the expression of all somatostatin receptor subtypes within GH-producing cells and its actions are likely mediated by activation of AC.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2010

Fructan has been found to accumulate in various tissues during periods when light levels increased carbon fixation where low temperatures reduced growth rates while photosynthesis continued. In this study, we have cloned 1-sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase(1-sst) and 1-fructan: fructan fructosyl transferase (1-fft, a key enzyme for the synthesis of fuctan) from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). The recombinant vector with 1-sst and 1-fft has been constructed under the control of 35S promoter of KJGV-B2 vector and transgenic plants obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. PCR analysis carried out on the putative transgenic plants for amplification of the coding region of specific gene (1-sst, 1-fft), and HPT genes. Transgenic lines carrying of 1-sst and 1-fft were confirmed for integration into the rice genome using Southern blot hybridization and RT-PCR. The transgenic plants in $T_2$ generation were selected and expression pattern analysis revealed that 1-sst and 1-fft were stable. This analysis confirmed the presence of low-molecular-weight fructan in the seedling of the transgenic rices. Therefore, cold tolerance and carbohydrate metabolism will be possible to develop resistant plants using the transgenic rice.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2013

We examine the effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) distribution on heavy snowfall over the Yellow Sea using high-resolution SST products and WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model simulations in 30 December 2010. First, we evaluate the model by comparing the simulated and observed fresh snowfall over the Korean peninsula (Ho-Nam province). The comparison shows that the model reproduces the distributions and magnitudes of the observed snowfall. We then conduct sensitivity model simulations where SST perturbations by ${\pm}1.1^{\circ}C$ relative to baseline SST values (averaged SST for $5{\sim}15^{\circ}C$) are uniformly specified over the region of interest. Results show that ${\pm}1.1^{\circ}C$ SST perturbation simulations result in changes of air temperature by $+0.37/-0.38^{\circ}C$, and by ${\pm}0.31^{\circ}C$ hPa for sea level pressure, respectively, relative to the baseline simulation. Atmospheric responses to SST perturbations are found to be relatively linear. The changes in SST appear to perturb precipitation variability accounting for 10% of snow and graupel, and 18% of snowfall over the Yellow Sea and Ho- Nam province, respectively. We find that anomalies of air temperature, pressure, and hydrometeors due to SST perturbation propagate to the upper part of cloud top up to 500 hPa and show symmetric responses with respect to SST changes.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 2021

Purpose: According to the growth of technology in the service industry, the interaction service between customer and employee has recently been transformed into between customer and technology by Self Service Technology (SST) requiring direct interaction with customers. In this context, self service technology such as unmanned ordering system installed at the store is actively introduced at the work place to reduce labor costs by food and retail company and the research for self-service technology which is rapidly replacing existing face-to-face service is needed. As the growth speed of SST is rapid, many researchers have studied the characteristics of SST, in every sector of business worldwide. Among the characteristics, attributes, Self Service Technology Quality (SSTQUAL) to evaluate SST is important because it may cause the customer's behavior. Thus, this research focuses on the effects of SSTQUAL on SST Satisfaction and SST continuance usage intention. This research suggests the guidelines for how Restaurant Company should prepare SST and build their customer satisfaction and continuance usage that increase the sales. Research design, data and methodology: This study tests the structural relationship between SSTQUAL of unmanned ordering system, SST satisfaction and SST continuance usage. SSTQUAL divided into four sub-dimensions and two categories, cognitive service attributes (Convenience, Functionality) and affective service attributes (Enjoyment, Assurance). In order to achieve the purposes of this research, research model and hypotheses were developed based on previous researches. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and tested in the previous studies. The data were collected from 524 customers experiencing SST and were analyzed through SPSS 25.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical package program. Results: The findings of this research are as follows. First, all SSTQUAL have significant positive impacts on SST satisfaction. Second, SST satisfaction has significant positive impact on SST continuance intention. Third, cognitive service attributes and affective service attributes had wealth of explanation of service attribute more than a single dimension. Conclusions: The implications of this study are as follows. Overall, Restaurant Company should manage SSTQUAL consisting of not only cognitive service attributes (Convenience, Functionality) but also affective service attributes (Enjoyment, Assurance) to satisfy customers basically regardless of the type of restaurant.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.361-376
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• 2001

The characteristics of SST variability in the East Sea are analyzed using NOAA/AVHRR weekly SST data with about $0.18^{\circ}{\times}0.18^{\circ}$ resolution ($1981{\sim}2000$) and reconstructed historical monthly SST data with $2^{\circ}{\times}2^{\circ}$ resolution $(1950{\sim}1998)$. The distinct feature of wintertime SST is high variability in the western and eastern parts of $38^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ latitudinal band, which are the northern boundary of warm current in the East Sea during winter. However, summertime SST exhibits variability with similar magnitude in the entire region of the East Sea. The analysis of remote correlation also shows that SST in the East Sea is closely correlated with that in the region of Kuroshio in winter, but in summer is related with that in the western and eastern regions of the same latitudes. From these results it is postulated that the SST variability in the East Sea may be related with the variations of East Korean Warm Current and Tsushima Warm Current in winter, but in summer probably with the variations of atmospheric components. In the analysis of ENSO related SST anomaly, a significant negative correlation between SST anomalies in the East Sea and SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific is found in the months of August-October (ASO). The SST in the ASO period shows more significant cooling in E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events than warming in La $Ni\~{n}a$ events. Also, the regional analysis shows by the Student's t-test that the negative SST anomalies in the E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events are more significant in the southwestern part of the East Sea.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.236-241
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• 1998

The NOAA AVHRR remote sense SST data, collected by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), are analyzed in order to understand the spatial and temporal distributions of SST in the seas adjacent to Korea. Our study is based on 10-day SST images during last 7 years (1991-1997). For a time series analysis of multiple 557 images, all of images must be aligned exactly at the same position by adjusting the scales and positions of each SST image. We devised an algorithm which yields automatic detections of cloud pixels from multiple SST images. The cloud detection algorithm is based on a physical constraint that SST anomalies in the ocean do not exceed certain limits (we used $\pm$ 3$^{\circ}C$ as a criterion of SST anomalies). The remote sense SST data are tuned by comparing remote sense data with observed SST at coastal stations. Seasonal variations of SST are studied by harmonic fit of SST normals at each pixel. The SST anomalies are studied by statistical method. We found that the SST anomalies are rather persistent with time scales between 1 and 2 months. Utilizing the persistency of SST anomalies, we devised an algorithm for a prediction of future SST Model fit of SST anomalies to the Markov process model yields that autoregression coefficients of SST anomalies during a time elapse of 10 days are between 0.5 and 0.7. We plan to improve our algorithms of automatic cloud pixel detection and prediction of future SST. Our algorithm is expected to be incorporated to the operational real time service of SST around Korea.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.688-699
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• 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}$A. The effects of the SST hot water extract on expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, MDA, (3) Glucose, AChE in serum (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. The SST hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-a mRNA ${\alpha}$in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency. The SST ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-a protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. The SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the tau protein, GFAP, and presenilin1, 2 of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. These results suggest that the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of A1zheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the SST hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects of Seoleosojong-tang(SST), studies were done. We measured the cytotoxic activity for various kinds of cancer cells, inhibitory effect on activity of DNA topoisomerase I, cell adhesion to complex extracellular matrix, survival time in ICR bearing S-180, pulmonary colonization and histological changes of lung in C57BL/6 injected i.v. with B16-F10, CAM assay, expression of CD4/sup +/, CD8/sup +/, B220/sup +/, cytokine gene in spleen cell. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In cytotoxicity against A549, HT1080, 816-F10, NCL-H661 was showed cytotoxicity as compared with control. 2. The inhibitory effect on adhesion of A549, 816-F10 to complex extracellular matrix was over 40% at 100 ㎍/㎖ of SST. 3. In DNA topoisomerase I assay, SST has inhibitory effect. 4. The T/C% was 120.8 in SST treated group in S-180 bearing ICR mice. 5. In pulmonary colonization assay, a number of colonies were decreased significantly and histological changes were showed that infiltration area of cancer cells were inhibited effectively in SST treated group. 6. In CAM Assay, SST has antiangiogenic effect. 7. On the expression of positive cell to CD4/sup +/, CD8/sup +/ and 8220/sup +/ in spleen cells, CD4/sup +/ cells were increased significantly in SST treated group. 8. Effect of SST on IL-1β gene expression in splenic cell was significantly increased as function of whole concentration. 9. The gene expression of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α were increased in SST treated group. From above results SST could be usefully applied for antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects, but further research of SST should be required.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.489-499
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• 2009

In an effort to examine the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS ver. 4.3) to the initial meteorological input data, detailed observational data of NOAA satellite SST (Sea Surface Temperature) was employed. The NOAA satellite SST which is currently provided daily as a seven-day mean value with resolution of 0.1 $^{\circ}$ grid spacing was used instead of the climatologically derived monthly mean SST using in RAMS. In addition, the RAMS SST data must be changed new one because it was constructed in 1993. For more realistic initial meteorological fields, the NOAA satellite SST was incorporated into the RAMS-preprocess package named ISentropic Analysis package (ISAN). When the NOAA SST data was imposed to the initial condition of prognostic RAMS model, the resultant performance of near surface atmospheric fields was discussed and compared with that of default option of SST. We got the good results that the new SST data was made in a standard RAMS format and showed the detailed variation of SST. As the modeling grid became smaller, the SST differences of the NOAA SST run and the RAMS SST43 (default) run in diurnal variation were very minor but this research can apply to further study for the realistic SST situation and the development in predicting regional atmospheric field which imply the regional circulation due to differential surface heating between sea and land or climatological phenomenon.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.864-867
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• 2006

Thermal infrared images of Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ sensors have been unrivalled sources of high resolution thermal remote sensing (60m for ETM+, 120m for TM) for more than two decades. Atmospheric effect that degrades the accuracy of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) measurement significantly, however, can not be corrected as the sensors have only one thermal channel. Recently, MODIS sensor onboard Terra satellite is equipped with dual-thermal channels (31 and 32) of which the difference of at-satellite brightness temperature can provide atmospheric correction with 1km resolution. In this study we corrected the atmospheric effect of Landsat SST by using MODIS data obtained almost simultaneously. As a case study, we produced the Landsat SST near the eastern and western coast of Korea. Then we have obtained Terra/MODIS image of the same area taken approximately 30 minutes later. Atmospheric correction term was calculated by the difference between the MODIS SST (Level 2) and the SST calculated from a single channel (31 of Level 1B). This term with 1km resolution was used for Landsat SST atmospheric correction. Comparison of in situ SST measurements and the corrected Landsat SSTs has shown a significant improvement in $R^2$ from 0.6229 to 0.7779. It is shown that the combination of the high resolution Landsat SST and the Terra/MODIS atmospheric correction can be a routine data production scheme for the thermal remote sensing of ocean.