• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.586-595
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the effects of horticultural therapy (HT) program using hydroponics on work adjustment skills of students with mental retardation. Based on the critical role transitional model and special education curriculum for agriculture, especially hydroponics, HT program (total 22 sessions) using hydroponics procedure for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Asia Heuk Romaine') was developed. Fourteen (10 males, 4 females) graded $1^{st}$ to $2^{nd}$ with intellectual disabilities were recruited from a special education class in a high school located in Inchon, Korea and then a special farm for hydroponics in Inchon, Korea was offered for the HT program. The students with intellectual disabilities participated in the HT program for 4-month (from September to December of 2011, twice a week, approximately 60 minutes per session). Before and after the HT program, the McCarron assessment neuromuscular development, emotional behavioral checklist, interpersonal negotiation strategies, and KEPAD picture vocational interest test were performed by the teachers and horticultural therapists. As the results, the students significantly improved motor performance (p = 0.002), emotional behavioral strategies (p = 0.00), and interpersonal negotiation strategies (p = 0.05). However, no significant difference between before and after the HT program for vocational interest was observed. In conclusion, the HT program using hydroponics, consists of simple and easy tasks so that it would be applicable for the students with intellectual disabilities positively affected to work adjustment skills by improving the motor performance, emotional behavioral strategies, and interpersonal negotiation strategies. Additionally, HT programs using hydroponics with various kinds of vegetables are required to develop and to apply in practical settings for improving work adjustment skills.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

To evaluate the physiological status of laying flocks, the blood chemistry values were measured and analyzed in various ages under different feeding conditions. Total 671 birds from 48 Hyline brown hens flocks from 13 different poultry farms were bled at the ages of day(s) 1, 11, 21, 50, 80, 120, 180, 240, 300, 400, and 500. The 17 blood chemistries including glucose, lipids, proteins, enzymes, electrolytes and metabolic by-products were measured with an autoanalyzer. Blood glucose showed the highest at the hatching day not relate with the dietary carbohydrates and energy, but tended to decrease during the rest of growth stage in hens. Total blood protein, albumin and globulin increased depending on the ages even though dietary protein was decreased. Blood lipid was greatly changed at different growth stages. Cholesterol was the highest at hatching period and maintained consistently until the 120 days of age. It was increased in birds after 180 days of age. HDL was also highest in hatchery, but decreased greatly after 180 days of age. However, TG was the lowest at one day old, but was increased up to 10 times after 180 days of age compared to that of one day old. The enzyme activities were different. AST, ALT, and GGT showed comparatively contained consistently, whereas amylase was slowly decreased. Blood P, Na, K and Cl showed consistency, but Ca content was increased upto two times of the one day of age. The results from this study showed that the blood chemistry values were affected by the general metabolic status of the host with ages not by feeding conditions. Further, the standard data of age-dependent blood chemistry values in the laying flocks were obtained, which can be utilized for early detection of the changes in the physiological status occurred by the infectious or metabolic diseases. The results of these analyses seemed to be useful to increase the productivity of laying flocks through rapid and proper veterinary medical treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.317-328
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• 2019

In this work, we investigated clay and raw materials from China (black clay, red clay, white clay) and Korea (Cheonan clay, Obu clay) used for the manufacture of porcelain products. According to chemical analysis results, feldspar components containing CaO, K₂O, Na₂O and quartz are found in clay materials besides primary clay such as kaollinte, for the clay materials from Korea, which is found more in clay materials from Korea than from China. For the Fe₂O₃ content, governing whiteness of porcelain products, more iron oxide (> 5 %) is found in Korean clays (Cheonan clay, obu clay, red clay) compared to those form China (black, white clay). Through X-ray diffraction analysis, kaolinite and Halloysite are found to be main phases for all the raw materials and second phases such as quartz and pyrophyllite are found. Using these clay materials, raw materials for porcelain products were produced, and the physicochemical properties were investigated for sintered samples. Absorption rate is in order of Baekja-A < Baekja-B < Yeonbuncheong < Jinbuncheong < Cheongja, and the sample, sintered at 1250℃ in reductive atmosphere, exhibits the lowest absorption rate. Comparing the color of the sintered samples, the samples sintered in oxidative atmosphere (L^* value: 86~95 %) show higher whiteness value than those sintered in reductive atmosphere (L^* value: 81~93 %). For the Cheongja and Buncheong, the samples sintered in reductive atmosphre shows higher whiteness, L^* values, and low a^*/b^* value, which is due to reduction of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

The purposes of the study were to examine the changes in carcass traits and surface meat color, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances for steer and cow. The experimental animals were shipped from Kangwondo, Kyunggido, Choongchungdo, and Kyungsangdo to Wonju LPC. The animals were examined for yield traits, quality traits, carcass grade, lightness, redness, yellowness, croma value, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances. The results showed that the carcass traits of steer like back fat thickness were not different by shipping distances of 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km. However, the fat thickness was higher in steers shipped from 250 km than 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km distance. Ribeye area was reduced significantly in 200 km and 250 km than 50 km. Yield index and yield grade were significantly low in 250 km than 50-200 km. However, meat color, fat color, texture, mature, and quality grade had no differences between shipping distances. Marbling score was not different in 50-200 km. However, the marbling score in 250 km was significantly lower than that of 50 km. In case of surface meat color by shipping distance, redness, yellowness, chroma value, and hue-angle were not different in shipping distance of 250 km. The lightness had similar result in 50-200 km. However, in case of 250 km the lightness was significantly low. The REA of cow carcass by shipping distance had no differences by shipping distance. The BET had similar results in 50-150 km. However, it had significantly thick in 200 km. The yield index and yield grade had no differences in 50-150 km. However, yield index and grade were significantly low in 200 km. The carcass trait of cow had no differences in all items by shipping distance. Although the carcass traits and the BET for steer by altitude had no differences between 100, 200, 300 and 500 m, but those were significantly thick in 400 m. And the yield index and the yield grade at altitude 400 m were lower than that of other altitudes. The quality traits and the quality grade had no differences between 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m altitudes. The yield traits, quality traits, yield grade, and quality grade had no significant differences by altitudes. In case of yield index of cow for 300 m was low than the cases of 100 m and 200 m. The surface meat color for steer and cow had no differences by altitudes. However, the lightness of cow had positive result in 100 m than 200 m and 300 m. In case of steer and cow the cortisol concentration by shipping distance was high as the shipping distances were longer. However, the cortisol concentrations of steer and cow by altitudes were decreased as the altitudes were increased. From the above results carcass traits and carcass grade were decreased and the cortisol concentration was increased as the altitudes were decreased for steer and cow.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.178-187
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of grape seed oil on quality characteristics of pressed ham. Five different treatments were tested based on differences in the amount of grape seed oil added to the pressed ham. As a control, 10% back fat was added without any grape seed oil. For the first treatment, 10% grape seed oil replaced a portion of the lard component added to the pressed ham. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4th treatments, 20%, 30% and 40% of grape seed oil were substituted for lard, respectively. Pressed ham manufactured with grape seed oil was vacuum packaged and stored for 1, 7, 14,21 and 28 d at $4^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for chemical composition, physico-chemical properties (pH, color) and texture characteristics. Typical chemical composition characteristics (crude protein, crude fat, crude ash) were not significantly different between control and grape seed oil treatment groups. Moisture content of grape seed oil treatment groups (GSO 30% and 40%) was significantly lower than that of controls (p<0.05). There was a not clear difference in pH between control and grape seed oil treatment groups. In the 21 d of storage, pH values of all treatments were significantly higher than those of other storage days. Meat color $(CIEL^*\;and\;b^*)$ of grape seed oil treatment group (GSO 40%) was significantly higher than that of control. Whereas meat color a value of GSO 40% treatment was significantly lower than that of control. It was not clearly changed as storage time increased. There was no significant difference in texture between control and grape seed oil treatment groups, and appeared to be unaffected by storage length. Based on these findings, we conclude that the chemical composition and texture characteristics of manufactured pressed ham were not affected by grape seed oil addition. These results also indicate that high-quality pressed ham can be manufactured with increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of growth characteristics and the content of root chemical components in four years old ginseng by paddy and upland cultivation at farmers' field in Korea. Proportions of silt, clay, liquid phase and porosity were higher in paddy soil than upland soil. The range of liquid phase was $17.5{\sim}19.5%$ in paddy and $7.0{\sim}12.8%$ in upland during growth period. EC and the other contents of OM, $NO_3^-,\;K_2O$, and Mg in paddy soil were higher than those of upland soil, while the contents of $P_2O_5$ and Ca were less than those of upland soil. The levels of chemical components of tested soil exceeded recommended range in EC, $NO_3^-$ and Ca of paddy soil, and in $P_2O_5$ and Ca of upland soil. Stem length, fresh root weight and total dry weight per plant in paddy were greater than those of upland. Root weight in paddy-ginseng showed a great increase on September, while it was not increased in upland because of early defoliation. Net assimilation rate and crop growth rate by paddy and upland cultivation showed distinct differences on May and September, and those of paddy-ginseng were higher than those of upland-ginseng. Yield and ratio of red-colored root showed no significant difference by paddy and upland cultivation, while significant differences were observed in diameter and length of primary root, contents of crude saponin and 50% ethanol extracts of primary root, and water content of root. Hardness of primary root showed no significant difference by paddy and upland cultivation until August, but it showed distinct difference on September, at which the hardness in upland cultivation was drastically decreased.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to determine which mixture types are suitable for maintaining grazing pasture at alpine area. The mixtures types were evaluated by the botanical composition and dry matter (DM) of forage. The experiment was carried out on the grazing pasture at Daekwanryeong area (altitude ; 840m) from 1991 to 1993. Treatments were composed of seven mixture types made of both different components and amounts of sowing. The components of each mixture were Orchardgrass (OG), Tall fescue (TF), Timothy (TI). Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), Reed cannarygrass (RCG), Red clover (RC) and Ladino clove. (LC). The seeding .ate of OG, TF, TI, KBG and LC in control(C) was 18:9:8:3:2 kg/ha, respectively and those of treatments of T1 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T2 (OG:TF:KBG:RC), T3 (OG:TI:KBG:LC), T4 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC) and T6 (OG:RCG:KBG:LC) were 24:8:2:2, 24:8:2:2, 26:8:2:2, 8:28:2:2, 5:24:2:2 and 8:26:2:2 kg/ha, in seeding rate. respectively. The plant heights of mixtures in 1991, 1992 and 1993 were 33, 37, and 33 cm on average of before and after grazing, respectively. The 12cm of stubble height was left after grazing during 3 years which can result in the reduction of forage intake and utilization. This result indicates the grazing period will be needed to adjust. The proportions of TI, OG, KBG and LC in mixtures were increased constantly, and the proportions of weeds and bare lands were little. The T5, in which the smaller amounts of seeds were sown, is considered as proper mixture type for Alpine pasture. The DM yield tended to increase with the increased grazing period, and the highest DM yield was occurred in 1993. No significant difference among treatments was observed for the DM yield, however the 75 was highest (9,344 kg/ha) in the DM yields which is $5.7\%$ greater than the C (8,840 kg/ha). This result indicates that T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC : 8:24:2:2 kg/ha) is considered to be proper mixture type at alpine pasture considering the botanical composition and forage yield.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1982

Several mutants were isolated from the parent strain of Aspergillus niger CF: the first mutant strain CF-11 was obtained by UV irradiation, and the second mutant strain CF-21 and CF-22 were from NTG (N-methyl-N'-nitroso-N-nitroso-guanidine) treatment on the CF-11. These mutants were characterized, and their enzyme and acid production on wheat bran Koji and wheat flour Koji were studied. Asp. niger CF-22 mutant appeared to be tan type which conidial heads were discolored. It's glucoamylase activity was inreased approximately two times and its ${\alpha}-amylase$ about 50 percent as compared with that of the parent strain of Asp. niger CF, when grown on wheat bran Koji under the optimal conditions. Asp. niger CF-21 mutant showed slower growth rate and poor sporulation than the wild type, although its conidial heads were not discolored. Approximately 4-fold increment in its acid production was observed as compared with the weld type. The activities of glucoamylase and ${\alpha}-amylase$ of the Asp. niger CF-22 and CF-21 mutants were higher than those of the wild type, but their protease activity was rather lower. The maximum production of glucoamylase by the Asp. niger CF-22 mutant was obtained after 2 to 3 days incubation on wheat bran at 30 to $35^{\circ}C;$ ${\alpha}-amylase$2 days incubation at 30 to $35^{\circ}C$. The maximal levels of acid production by the mutant CF-21 was appeared after 2 days incubation on wheat bran Koji, and after 3 days on wheat flour Koji at $30^{\circ}C$. Little differences in the levels of acid production were observed between on wheat bran and flour Koji.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1994

Because of its restrictive harvest from spring to summer, It is necessary to preserve raw ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi, for the purpose of processing regardless of season. We evaluated low Temperature tolerance of ascidian and conditions for cold storage to secure the quality of the stock. To retard the browning of meat rapidly occurred after sucking, ascidians were blanched for 10 seconds in 10% boiling salt solution or dipped for 60 seconds in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ solution, respectively. The samples were stored in ice, at $-17^{\circ}C$ or $-35^{\circ}C$ for 85 days, respectively. Changes in VBN, glycogen, brown pigment formation, total carotenoid, nucleotides and their related compounds during the storage were determined, and sensory evaluation of quality was also practiced. VBN and brown pigment formation were rapidly increased. Glycogen was gradually decreased and then not detectable after 85 days in case of ice storage. Lipophilic brown pigment was higher than hydrophilic and rapidly increased during storage. The result of sensory evaluation showed that the ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ was good for 85 days of storage at $-35^{\circ}C$ . Judging from the results of chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, the quality of ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ and stored at $-35^{\circ}C$ was better than that of other samples.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1353-1365
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• 1997

Background : Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) has been considered as an important candidate for cancer gene therapy based on its potent anti-tumor activity. However, since the efficiency of current techniques of gene transfer is not satisfactory, the majority of current protocols is aiming the in vitro gene transfer to cancer cells and re-introducing genetically modified cancer cells to host. In the previous study, it was shown that TNF-sensitive cancer cells transfected with TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA would become highly resistant to TNF, and the probability was shown that the acquired resistance to TNF might be associated with synthesis of some protective protein. Understanding the mechanisms of TNF -resistance in TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cancer cells would be. an important step for improving the efficacy of cancer gene therapy as well as for better understandings of tumor biology. This study was designed to evaluate the role of MnSOD, an antioxidant enzyme, in the acquired resistance to TNF of TNF-$\alpha$ cDN A transfected cancer cells. Method : We transfected TNF-$\alpha$ c-DNA to WEHI164(murine fibrosarcoma cell line), NCI-H2058(human mesothelioma cell line), A549(human non-small cell lung cancer cell line), ME180(human cervix cancer cell line) cells using retroviral vector(pLT12SN(TNF)) and confirm the expression of TNF with PCR, ELISA, MIT assay. Then we determined the TNF resistance of TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cells(WEHI164-TNF, NCIH2058-TNF, A549-TNF, ME180-TNF) and the changes of MnSOD mRNA expressions with Northern blot analysis. Results : The MnSOD mRNA expressions of parental cells and genetically modified cells of WEHI164 and ME180 cells(both are naturally TNF sensitive) were not significantly different The MnSOD mRNA expressions of genetically modified cells of NCI-H2058 and A549(both are naturally TNF resistant) were higher than those of the parental cells, while those of parental cells with exogenous TNF were also elevated. Conclusion : The acquired resistance to TNF after TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfection may not be associated with the change in the MnSOD expression, but the difference in natural TNF sensitivity of each cell may be associated with the level of the MnSOD expression.