• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.402-406
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• 2014

The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of lignocellulosic byproducts for the production of citric acid through solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger NRRL 567. A sequential optimization based on one-factor-at-a-time method was applied to optimize fermentation conditions and media constituents. The results obtained from the optimization indicated that $30^{\circ}C$, 70% moisture content, 0.5~1.0 mm particle size, pH 5.5 and 4% methanol were found to be the optimum condition at 72 hr fermentation. The application the optimization resulted in an improvement of maximum citric acid production from 74.5 to 206.0 g/kg dry material (DM) from wheat straw. The optimal condition was used to produce citric acid from A. niger grown on different lignocellulosic byproducts, including wheat straw, corn stover and peat moss. A. niger produced the highest citric acid levels of 231.8, 213.8 and 240.2 g/kg DM at 120 hr fermentation, respectively.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2017

In this study, a reverse design of the F-theta lens was proposed for a 2D scanner in remote welding applications. The curvature and distance of the lens were set as variables, and the focal length of the lens was set as the marginal ray height. The ZEMAX commercial software was used to perform a simulation with unlimited iterations for the optimization process. The target value was optimized using the internal Merit function with the weight factors of focal length and spot diameter. The number of lenses was four, and the focal length obtained from the results was 135mm that is slightly less than that of the commercial lens, which is set with a focal length of 185 mm. The calculated spot diameters are $1.3{\mu}m$, $6.2{\mu}m$, and $16.1{\mu}m$ for $0^{\circ}$, $12.5^{\circ}$ and $23^{\circ}$ of incident laser beam, respectively. It is expected that an optimized lens design is possible by performing the reverse design of a lens by the ray tracing method.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.5
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• pp.37-44
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• 1995

Cartesian coordinate systems used in national base map have 3 zones. If these coordinate systems are used at navigable digital maps without modifications, the edge-matching errors will occur near the edge of two zones. Therefore, it's required to eliminate separate zones of national plane coordinates system suitable far navigable digital map, we choose TM projection that is used at national base map but changed the location and the scale distortion of antral meridian.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2019

We compared methodologies based on the density functional theory (DFT), e.g., time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), TD-DFT within Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA-DFT), and spin-unrestricted DFT (UDFT), that are usually employed to optimize the geometries of ${\pi}$-conjugated molecules in their lowest lying triplet excited ($T_1$) state. As a model system for ${\pi}$-conjugated molecules, we employed 1,2,3,4,5-pentacyano-6-phenyl-benzene. In conjunction with 6-31G(d) basis sets, we made use of gap-tuned range-separated ${\omega}B97X$ functional which is often employed recently in the calculations of molecular excited states. Near the equilibrium geometries, we found that the important difference between the geometries derived at UDFT level and those at TD-DFT or TDA-DFT methods: more stable ground-state energies but higher triplet excitation energies for UDFT derived geometries. In the studies, we discuss such differences in more detail.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1996

Automatic transmission for heavy duty vehicles is a part of the power pack which includes steering and braking systems. This transmission in different from the one for passenger car. Therefore, in order to understand the trend of the important design parameters, maneuverability, acceleration performance and maximum speed, we need to analyze the total performance characteristics of the power transmission systems. In this study, modeling of the automatic transmission in heavy duty vehicle is carried out and the performance analysis method is presented. Results can be used for performance estimation data in the analysis for several combination method which determines the optimal parameters on the basis of penalty functions and weightings. And the estimation method of the important performance parameters such as engine inertia or power loss of engine by experiments is presented.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.166-175
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop the optimization method for adjusting the film isocenter shift and to suggest the quantitative acceptable criteria for film dosimetry after optimization In the dynamic conformal arc radiation therapy (DCAR). The DCAR planning was peformed In 7 patients with brain metastasis. Both absolute dosimetry with ion chamber and relative film dosimetry were peformed throughout the DCAR using BrainLab's micro-multileaf collimator. An optimization method for obtaining the global minimum was used to adjust for the error in the film isocenter shift, which is the largest pan of systemic errors. The mean of point dose difference between measured value using ion chamber and calculated value acquired from planning system was $0.51{\pm}0.43\%$ and maximum was $1.14\%$ with absolute dosimetry These results were within the AAPM criteria of below $5\%$. The translation values of film isocenter shift with optimization were within ${\pm}$1 mm in all patients. The mean of average dose difference before and after optimization was $1.70{\pm}0.35\%$ and $1.34{\pm}0.20\%$, respectively, and the mean ratios over $5\%$ dose difference was $4.54{\pm}3.94\%$ and $0.11{\pm}0.12\%$, respectively. After optimization, the dose differences decreased dramatically and a ratio over $5\%$ dose difference and average dose difference was less than $2\%$. This optimization method is effective in adjusting the error of the film isocenter shift, which Is the largest part of systemic errors, and the results of this research suggested the quantitative acceptable criteria could be accurate and useful in clinical application of dosimetric verification using film dosimetry as follows; film isocenter shift with optimization should be within ${\pm}$1 mm, and a ratio over $5\%$ dose difference and average dose difference were less than $2\%$.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02b
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• pp.156.1-156.1
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• 2009

• ICROS
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1995

이 글에서는 호남정유연구소를 간단히 소개하고 호유연구소가 수행하는 여러 가지 연구분야 중에서 본 학회와 관련이 있는 CIM 관련기술들, 즉 생산계획최적화기술, 공정 최적회기술, 공정제어기술, 공정모사기술, expert system 등에 대해서 산업계의 현황과 기술개발 동향을 소개하였다.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 1997

To design a high resolution three-mirror telescope for visible spectral region, initial design technique based on the generation of flat field anastigmatic solutions limited by mechanical structure was proposed. An initial design of the three-mirror telescope that features relatively high focal ratio(F/14.5), large aperture diameter(600 mm), and squared field of view(0.27$^{\circ}$$\times$1.3$^{\circ}$) was done using an initial design program. Code V was used to optimized the initially designed optical system. As a result, MTF value of the telescope was about 0.5 at Nyquist frequency in each field except for the edge of the CCD.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2010

In this study, we have fabricated a fiber-optic dosimeter for a proton beam therapy dosimetry. We have measured scintillating lights with the various kinds of organic scintillators and selected the BCF-12 as a sensor-tip material due to its highest light output and peak/plateau ratio. To determine the optimum diameter of BCF-12, we have measured scintillating lights according to the energy losses of proton beams in a water phantom. Also, we determined the adequate length of organic scintillator by measuring scintillating lights according to the incident angles of proton beam. Using an optimized fiber-optic dosimeter, we have measured scintillating lights according to the dose rates and monitor units of proton accelerator.