• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2008

Nonionic sorbitan monostearate have been successfully prepared by esterification using 1,4-sorbitan and stearic acid. 1,4-sorbitan were prepared using D-sorbitol and acid catalyst at solvent-free conditions. The synthesized surfactants were characterized by NMR and FT-IR. We also investigated the effect of temperature, pressure and catalyst on the synthesis of nonionic sorbitan monostearate. The yields of 1,4-sorbitan were 90% at $160^{\circ}C$ under 160 mmHg vacuum, and the yields of nonionic sorbitan monostearate were 92% at $230^{\circ}C$ under 60 mmHg vacuum.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 2003

This study was performed to research a chemo-enzymatic synthesis of sorbitan acrylate. It w as firstly to determine the optimum conditions for D-sorbitol cyclic reaction in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as catalyst material. It was secondly to find the optimum conditions for sorbitan acrylate synthesis using immobilized lipase Novozym 435 in t-butanol from its materials. The maximum yield of 1,4-sorbitan synthesis were obtained approximately 90% (w/w) at 13$0^{\circ}C$ and 200 mmHg vacuum pressure with 1% (w/w) p-TSA after 150 min reactin time on our experimental system. The product from optimum condition was less color than those obtained at higher temperatures and minimized byproduct and unreacted D-sorbitol. Sorbitan acrylate was synthesized to around 63.5% conversion of 1,4-sorbitan. The experimental optimum condition was found at 5$0^{\circ}C$, atmospheric pressure, 3% (w/v) Novozym 435, 50 g/L 1,4-sorbitan of initial reactant concentration, and 1:3 molar ratio of 1,4-sorbitan to acrylic acid.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.351-357
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• 2008

In order to develope an efficient way for the synthesis of highly pure 1,4-sorbitan solution from sorbitol, some experimental studies were performed. The reaction showed first order reaction with activation energy of 118.3 KJ/mol. Color of the product solutions changed to brown with reaction temperature and reaction time. The equilibrium contents of 1,4-sorbitan increased with decrease in reaction pressure, but the content of major impurity, sorbide, showed maximum about 550 torr vacuum with $H_3PO_4$ catalyst. The reasonable catalyst configuration was 0.26 wt% PTSA and 1 wt% $H_3PO_2$ and optimum reaction temperature and pressure range was $110\sim120^{\circ}C$ and $700\sim720$ torr vacuum, respectively. At optimum reaction conditions, we could obtain white product solutions of highly pure 1,4-sorbitan with sorbide less than 10 wt%. This white product solution is advantageous for preparation of high quality span, anti-fogging agent.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.127-138
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• 1993

This study was investigated optimal conditions which were necessary to prepare emulsion of four component systems by the Microfluidizer. Squalane, isopropyl myristate, PPG-15 stearyl benzoate ester were used as an oil and POE(20) sorbitan monolaurate, POE(20) sorbitan monopalmitate, POE(20) sorbitan monostearate, glycerine were selected as a cosurfactant and surfactant. The emulsion was affected by the operating pressure, the recycle frequency and oil, surfactant, cosurfactant phase. The operating pressure and recycle frequency increased, the droplet diameter of emulsion decreased and was constant later. In this study, the optimal pressure and recycle frequency were 1400 bar, 4 cycles. The droplet size was the smallest when the concentration of glycerine was 30 wt.%. As the oil phase is increased, the size is increased.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2002

The effects of 24 ionic and nonionic surfactants on paraquat (1, 1' -dimethyl-4 4'-bipyridinium) efficacy were investigated with several annual plant species under greenhouse conditions. The paraquat efficacy was decreased or even lost when treated with the anionic surfactants tested. However, the efficacy of paraquat was significantly increased by 7 nonionic surfactants such as sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether, and polyoxyethylene stearylamine ether. Among these tested surfactants, 0.08% of polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether most significantly increased the paraquat activity, and the $GR_{50}$ value of paraquat with polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether was 1.6 times lower than the $GR_{50}$ value without polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether. In in vitro experiments, cellular leakage and chlorophyll contents between the application with and without polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether did not show significant changes. The absorption rate of $^{14}C$ paraquat in the treatment with polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether showed an absorption rate of 1.6 times higher than without surfactant. These results suggest that using compatible surfactants would increase the paraquat efficacy, and this increasing are due to improved absorption rate with the surfactant.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-63
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• 1992

In order to investigate the effect of nonionic surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of preservatives in the presence and absence of p.0.E(20) Sorbitan fatty acid ester commonly used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical systems, these experiments were carried out by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) values and MIC values of adaptation against test organisms. And also the inactivation of the preservative against each microorganism in formula added with various concentrations of P.0.E(20) Sorbitan monostearate were measured by use of a preservative death time curve The results obtained were as fort low : 1) Nonionic surfactant inactivated Methylparaben to varying extents, but not Imidazolidinyl urea. 2) A combined preservative system was inactivated to a little extent (range of 0.16-0.20% Conc.), no adaptation was observed for the 5. aureus ATCC 6538. Imidazolidinyl urea complex combined with Methylparaben had a broad antibacterial spectrum against the Gram(.) and the Gram(-) bacteria It was found that preservatives had a synergistic effect by use of mixed form of preservatives, 3) In formula preserved with 0.2% Methylparaben containing 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% P.0.E(20) Sorbitan monostearate, E. coli ATCC 10s36 and P. aeruginosa NCTC 10490 died quickly within in 2hr 4) However, from Fig.5, S. aereus ATCC 6538 died more slowly within increasing surfactant concentration and the D-values(Decimal reduction time) were 5.2, 8 and 14 hr. for samples containing 0.5, 1 0 and 2.0% P 0. E(20) Sorbitan monostearate, respectively. 5) In the case of Methylparaben, no adaptation for the E. coli ATCC 10536 6) All of the nonionic surfactant, p.0. E(20) Sorbitan fatty acid ester used in the experiments decreased the effectiveness of Methylparaben, but not of Imidazolidinyl urea.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.894-897
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• 2001

This experiment was to determine the optimum conditions for D-sorbitol cyclization in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid(p-TSA) as acid catalyst before the esterification of sorbitol with fatty acids. The optimum conditions of hydration reaction to obtain maximum yield of 1,4-sorbitan were at $130^{\circ}C$, 200mmHg reduced pressure, after l50min and l%(w/w) p-TSA. In this condition the yield of 1,4-sorbitan was approximately 90%.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.562-565
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• 2002

The esterification reaction of previously obtained l,4-sorbitan with acrylic acid using Novozym 435 was carried out in t-butanol as solvent. Immobilized lipase Novozym 435 showed high enzymatic activity at $50^{\circ}C$ in t-butanol and optimum contents of Novozym 435 added in the esterification reaction was 3%(w/v). The maximum conversion rate was 55.8% when initial concentration was 50g/L and conversion rate of this reaction was 63.5% when the molar ratio of l,4-sorbitan to acrylic acid was 1:3.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.296-299
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• 2005

Sugar polymers have been considered as biomaterial. Biomaterials are widely utilized for a medical applications in direct contact with living tissue Clearly, biomaterials must be carefully and microscopically fabricated for optimal acceptance within the living organism in both functional and structural senses. In this study, the enzymatic synthesis of sorbitan methacrylate from 1,4-sorbitan via the manipulation of an immobilized biocatalyst (Novozym 435) and acryl donors (methacrylic acid and vinyl methacrylate) was evaluated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the emulsion stability according to the quantity of emulsifiers and the pressure of homogenizer in coffee whitener preparation. The results of this study are as follow : 1. To obtain a standard emulsifier, the ratio of mono and triglycerides(Atoms 150), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) and polyoxylene(20) sorbitan monostearate(Tween 60) was 60 . 20 : 20 and the optimum quantity was about 0.9fS for stable emulsion. 2. Characteristics as coffee whitner were markedly improved when the pressure of homogenizer was 200∼250kg1cmz and homogenizing times are over 4. 3. The good whitening capacity was showed when fat glouble's average diameter was under 0.5 Um.