• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.128-131
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• 2005

The effects of alternate-week feeding strategies on growth and feed efficiency ratio of juvenile Nile tilapia were investigated in a recirculating aquaculture system. Twenty fish initially weighing 25.5 g were randomly distributed into each of 18 tanks to conduct three replicates for each of six different feeding strategies. Weight gain of fish in the control that were fed daily for 6-week feeding trial was significantly higher than those of fish subjected to various alternate-week feeding regimes. Weight gain of fish that were starved for 3 weeks and then fed daily for 3 weeks (3WS+3WF) was not significantly different from that of fish, starved and fed daily for alternate 1-week period during the trial (1WS+1WF), but was significantly higher than those of fish starved for 2 weeks, and fed for 2 weeks (2WS+2WF); fish starved for 4 weeks and fed for 2 weeks (4WS+2WF); and fish fed for 5 weeks and fed for 1 week (5WS+1WF.) The amount of feed supplied to fish in the groups of 1WS+1WF and 3WS+3WF was significantly lower than that fed to fish in the control group, but significantly higher than the amount feed supplied to fish in the other three groups. Feed efficiency ratio for fish in the control group did not differ from that for fish in the groups of 1WS+1WF, 2WS+2WF and 3WS+3WF, but was significantly higher than that for fish in the groups of 4WS+2WF and 5WS+1WF. In conclusion, juvenile Nile tilapia that were subject to starvation for 1 to 5 weeks did not exhibit compensatory growth sufficient to attain the same weight as fish fed daily for 6 weeks. In addition, fish subjected to starvation exhibited low feed efficiency ratio compared to fish fed daily, which were probably attributable to poor weight gain.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제32권3_4호
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• pp.377-387
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• 2014

Let G be a (p, q) graph. Let f be a map from V (G) to {1, 2, ${\ldots}$, p}. For each edge uv, assign the label ${\mid}f(u)-f(\nu){\mid}$. f is called a difference cordial labeling if f is a one to one map and ${\mid}e_f(0)-e_f(1){\mid}{\leq}1$ where $e_f(1)$ and $e_f(0)$ denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and not labeled with 1 respectively. A graph with admits a difference cordial labeling is called a difference cordial graph. In this paper, we investigate the difference cordial labeling behavior of triangular snake, Quadrilateral snake, double triangular snake, double quadrilateral snake and alternate snakes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1014-1017
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• 1997

1,3-Dipropyloxycalix[4]arene dibenzocrown ethers were synthesized in the fixed 1,3-alternate conformation by the reaction of 1,3-dipropyloxycalix[4]arenes with a dibenzo dimesylates. Complexation toward alkali metal ions using ISEs showed a high cesium selectivity. Conformational flexibility of the corresponding 1,3-alternate calixcrown ether (4) with respect to the NMR time scale is found to depend on the temperature and polarity of the NMR solvent.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Two conformational isomers of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene hexanoate were prepared from the reaction of-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene and hexanoly chloride in the presence of AlCl3 in CH2Cl2 and their structures were determined by NMR spectra and X-ray diffraction as a cone and a 1,3-alternate conformer, respectively. The crystal of cone conformer (C68H96O8·(CH3)2CO) is triclinic, P, a=15.066(1) , b=16.063(1) , c=16.365(1) , α=79.75(2)o, β=109.95(2)o, γ=80.32(0)o, V=3602.7(4) 3, Z=2. The intensity data were collected on Simens SMART diffractometer/CCD area detector. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by least-squares calculations to a final R value of 0.144 for 4638 observed reflections. The molecular conformation is distorted symmetric cone with the flattening A and D phenyl rings. The crystal of 1,3-alternate conformer (C68H96O8·2CHCl3) is orthorhombic, Pca21, a=34.586(5) , b=10.207(3) , c=20.394(4) , V=7199(3) 3, Z=4. The intensity data were collected on an Enraf-Noninus CAD-4 Diffractometer with a graphite monochromated Mo-K radiation. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by least-squares calculations to a final R value of 0.152 for 2241 observed reflections. The molecule has a pseudo mirror symmetric 1,3-alternate conformation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1911-1916
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• 2004

The conformational preference of tetrahomodioxacalix[4]arenes with three different para substituents on the phenolic ring has been investigated by using ab initio molecular orbital theory (RHF/6-31$G^{\ast}$) and density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31$G^{\ast}$). The stability order is predicted to be cone > C-1,2-alternate > partial cone > 1,3-alternate > COC-1,2-alternate. The distorted cone conformation is found to be most stable in a gas phase and the calculated results are in agreement with the reported $^1$H NMR and X-ray experimental observations. The substitution of methylene with dimethyleneoxa bridges increases the size of the annulus of the molecule, its conformational mobility, and the number of hydrogen bonding patterns. The thermodynamic stability and the conformational characteristics of tetrahomodioxacalix[4]arenes are discussed in regards of the number of phenolic hydrogen bonding patterns and the polarity of a molecule. The substituent effects on the para position of the phenolic ring are also introduced.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.14-23
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• 2012

Increasing demand of energy, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, energy security and the climate change have forced us to look upon alternate energy resources. For today's electric vehicles that run on lithium-ion batteries, one of the biggest downsides is the limited range between recharging. Over the past several years, researchers have been working on lithium-air battery. These batteries could significantly increase the range of electric vehicles due to their high energy density, which could theoretically be equal to the energy density of gasoline. Li-air batteries are potentially viable ultra-high energy density chemical power sources, which could potentially offer specific energies up to 3000 $Whkg^{-1}$ being rechargeable. This paper provides a review on Lithium air battery as alternate energy resource for the future.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 수제의 길이 변화에 의하여 교호사주의 형성, 사주의 이동과 정지, 사주의 파장에 미치는 영향을 실내실험을 통하여 분석하였다. 수제의 길이가 길어질수록 사주의 이동거리와 파장은 짧아지고, 이동속도는 감소하였다. 수제의 길이가 길수록 사주에 작용하는 강제효과가 강하게 작용하였다. 사주의 파고는 수제의 길이 변화에 크게 영향을 받지 않으며, 거의 일정하게 유지되었다. 그러나 사주의 파장이 감소하면 사주의 이동속도는 증가하며, 사주의 파장과 사주의 이동속도는 반비례 관계를 형성하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2000

We have investgated UV-Vis absorbance to observe the photoisomerization using the mixture solutions in chloroform and LB monolayers mixed with DLPE and 8A5H containing azobenzene which showed reversible cis-trans photoisomerization irradiated by alternate lights. We have found that the absorbance spectrums of the mixture solutions and LB monolayers were reversibly induced to cis-trans photoisomerization irradiated by alternate lights. In addition, the absorbance of both solution and LB monolayer mixed with 8A5H and DLPE were reversibly by alternate temperatures. As a results, the 1:1(by volume) mixture ratio of 8A5H and DLPE was more flexible and reversible cis-trans photoisomerization than the others.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.413-418
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• 1995

저자들은 51세의 환자에서 우측 상엽과 하엽에 차례로 무기폐를 일으킨, 면역조직화학적으로 확진된 폐암 육종 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2009

본 연구는 미생물제의 이용에 의한 농약잔류 및 안정성문제 확보, 농약 살포량 및 살포횟수를 줄이는 방법을 개발하기 위하여 실시하였다. 미생물제와 살균제를 2회씩 14일 간격으로 교호 살포한 처리구에서 인삼 점무늬병 방제가는 68.34%$\sim$73.56%이 었고, 살균제를 교호 살포한 처리구에서 방제가는 87.00%$\sim$89.42%이었다. 미생물제와 살균제를 28일 간격으로 3회 혼합 교호 살포한 처리구에서는 2종류의 처리구(Com-12, Com-17)를 제외하고는 방제가가 74.53%$\sim$87.23%로 조합에 따라 우수한 방제효과를 나타냈다. 이상과 같이 미생물제와 살균제를 교호 또는 혼합 교호 처리하면 75.00%$\sim$83.33%의 농약 감량효과를 나타낼 수 있다.