• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 1999

The title compound consisting of a calix[4]arene molecule with four phenyl rings bridged by four methylene groups and arranged alternately in anti-orientation fashion, two 25,27-bis(1-pro-pyloxy) groups attached on the two lower rims of calix[4]arene, and crown-6 chain attached on the other set of lower rims of calix[4]arene offers a big cavity inside a molecule which might possess a potential for forming host-guest complexes. The molecular packing is accomplished by van der Waals forces.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 1977

An alternate synthesis of 2-amino-5,6-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride from 2-nitro-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone,was described and compared the overall yields and experimental procedures with the previous synthetic routes obtained from Neber rearrangement product, 2-amino-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone hydrochloride.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

The single application of Bacillus subtilis QST713(BS QST713) mixed application with fungicides and alternate application were treated to examine the control of alternaria leaf blight of Panax ginseng. Control value of alternaria leaf blight by single application of BS QST713 at 10 days interval was 83.3%, and those of single application at 10 days interval was $80.4{\sim}83.7%$ by azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil copper sulfate basic, copper sulfate basic, kresoxim-methyl, difenoconazole, mancozeb. When mixture of BS QST713 and fungicides were applied at 14 days interval, the control value of alternaria leaf blight were 83.6% by BS QST713 and mancozeb, and 82.6% by BS QST713 and azoxystrobin. However, mixture of BS QST713 with difenoconazole, kresoxim-methyl, copper sulfate basic and chlorothalonil copper sulfate basic exhibited the disease control values from 61.1% to 76.4%, which showed slightly lower control efficacy. In Daejeon, the alternate application of BS QST713 followed by copper sulfate basic with 14 days interval was 85.9% in control value, which showed the best control efficacy. The alternate application with other tested fungicides slightly decreased to $55.5{\sim}78.2%$ in control value. However, the alternate application of BS QST713 followed by fungicides showed very high control efficacy, which were approximately 90% in Muju, Jeonbuk Province. Consequently, the single, mixed or alternate application of BS QST713 and fungicides could be recommended as a control method to reduce the amount of fungicides.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the changes in the pharyngeal airway (PA), maxillary sinus volume, and skeletal parameters after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) followed by facemask (FM) therapy. Methods: The records of 40 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion due to maxillary retrognathism were collected, and the patients were assigned into two groups. The first group comprised 8 male and 12 female patients (mean age, $10.0{\pm}1.1years$) treated using RME/FM for an average of 10 months. The second group comprised 10 male and 10 female patients (mean age, $9.64{\pm}1.3years$) treated using Alt-RAMEC/FM for an average of 12 months. Cone-beam computed tomography images acquired before (T0) and after treatment (T1) were evaluated. Results: Regarding the skeletal effects, significant differences between the groups were the increase in ANS-HRP (perpendicular distance of ANS to the horizontal reference plane, 0.99 mm, p <0.05) in the Alt-RAMEC/FM group and the decrease in PP-SN (palatal plane to Sella-Nasion plane, $0.93^{\circ}$, p < 0.05) in the RME/FM group. Maxillary sinus volumes increased significantly in both the groups, and the increase was statistically significantly higher in the Alt-RAMEC/FM group. Although no significant intergroup differences were observed in PA volumes, both lower ($1,011.19mm^3$) and total ($1,601.21mm^3$), PA volume increased significantly in the Alt-RAMEC/FM group. Conclusions: The different expansion devices and protocols used with FM therapy do not seem to affect the forward movement of the maxilla and PA volumes. In contrast, the increase in maxillary sinus volume was greater in the Alt-RAMEC/FM protocol.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3247-3251
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• 2010

Molecular structures of the various conformers for the four stereoisomers of tetra-t-butyl-tetra-O-methylsulfinylcalix[4]arene (1) were optimized using DFT BLYP and mPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) (hybrid HF-DF) calculation methods. We have analyzed the total electronic and Gibbs free energies and normal vibrational frequencies of 16 different structures from four major conformations (cone (CONE), partial cone (PC), 1,2-alternate (1,2-A), 1,3-alternate (1,3-A)) of the four stereoisomers [1(rccc), 1(rcct), 1(rctt), 1(rtct)]. The mPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) calculations suggested that the $1(rccc)_{CONE}$, $1(rcct)_{PC}$, $1(rctt)_{PC}$, and $1(rtct)_{1,3-A}$ were the most stable conformations of the respective stereoisomers. These outcomes are in accordance with the experimental structures obtained from X-ray crystallography. The electrostatic repulsion between the sulfinyl and methoxy groups is a primary factor for the relative stabilities of the four different conformations. The IR spectra of the most stable conformers [$1(rccc)_{CONE}$, $1(rcct)_{PC}$, $1(rctt)_{PC}$, $1(rtct)_{1,3-A}$] of each stereoisomer were compared to each other.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

Previous research on syntactic processing shows that the interpretation of a syntactically ambiguous sentence is frequently strongly biased towards one meaning over another. The current study investigated the effect of bias strength on the production of disambiguating prosody for English ambiguous sentences. In Experiment 1, 40 speakers gave default readings of 18 syntactically ambiguous sentences. Questioning was used to prove intended meanings behind default readings. Intended meanings were treated as interpretation biases when a majority of speakers read a sentence with the same intended meaning. The size of the majority was used to establish bias strength. In Experiment 2, 10 speakers were instructed to use prosody to disambiguate given alternate meanings of the sentences from Experiment 1. The results indicated an effect of bias strength on disambiguating prosody: speakers used temporal juncture cues to reliably disambiguate alternate meanings for sentences with a weak interpretation bias, but not for those with a strong bias. Overall, the results indicated that interpretation biases strongly affect the production of prosody.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.905-909
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• 1999

Reaction of tetrahomodioxa p-phenylcalix[4]arene with ethyl bromoacetate and potassium carbonate in ace-tone leads to the title tetra ester derivative, 7,13,21,27-tetra-phenyl-29,30,31,32 -tetrakis(ethoxycarbonyl)meth-oxy-2,3,16,17-tetrahomo-3,17-dioxacalix[4]arene, its structure was determined by NMR spectra as 1,4-alternate conformation. The molecular structure has been solved by X-ray diffraction methods. The molecule has a conformation with pseudo center of symmetry. The benzene ring A is up, ring C is down, B and D rings are flat with respect to the plane of the macrocyclic ring.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.483-488
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• 1994

Tetra acyl esters of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene and calix[4]arene, including acetyl, propionyl, butyryl and isobutyryl, are synthesized and their conformations are inferred from $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectra. The conformer distribution is affected by the presence of t-butyl group, whereas the acylation products of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene are the cone conformers, those of calix[4]arene are mostly partial cone and/or 1,3-alternate conformers. The conformational outcome is also affected by the method of preparation, the NaH-induced reaction is prefered to the acid-induced reaction for cone and partial cone. Interestingly, 1,2-alternate conformer was isolated in 14% yield from the butyrylation of calix[4]arene.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 2009

Molecular structures of the various conformers for the 1,3-dimethoxy-p-tert-butylthiacalix[4] crown-5-ether (3) were optimized by using DFT B3LYP/6 - 31 + G(d,p) and mPW1PW91/6 - 31 + G(d,p) (hybrid HF-DF) calculation methods. We have analyzed the energy differences and structures of eight in/out orientations (cone_oo, cone_oi, pc_oo, pc_io, pc_oi, pc_ii, 13a_oo, 13a_io) of two methoxy groups in three major conformations (cone, partial-cone and 1,3-alternate). The 13a_oo (out-out orientation of the 1,3-alternate conformer) is calculated to be the most stable among eight different conformations of 3, and in accord with the experimental result. The ordering of relative stability resulted from the mPW1PW91/6 - 31 + G(d,p) calculation method is following: 13a_oo > 13a_io$\sim$pc_io$\sim$cone_oo > cone_oi$\sim$pc_oo$\sim$pc_oi > pc_ii.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to explore the perception about menstruation and discomforts of using disposable menstrual pads in menstruating women. Method: A survey was conducted of 132 menstrual women recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected by a face-to-face interview and a study questionnaire, and analyzed by frequency and $X^2$-test. Result: More than half of the subjects expressed a negative perception about menstruation, while 25% expressed a mixed perception and 24.2% expressed a positive perception. Women who perceived their menstruation negatively had more menstrual pain than the others (p<.001). The most frequently experienced discomforts of using disposable pads were an unpleasant smell (18.9%), leakage (18.9%), and discomfort (16.6%). Adverse effects of using disposable pads were reported as an itching sense (23.1%). skin rash (20.2%), and skin irritation (10.6%). Alternate materials were reported with tampons, alternate washable pads, and maternity pads. Conclusion: The results indicate that disposable menstrual pads cause several discomforts and common adverse effects such as skin problems. To decrease these discomforts and relieve adverse effects, planned nursing education including women's personal hygiene methods and information about an alternate pad may be helpful.