• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.317-326
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• 2009

This study has shown the screening of anti-bacterial activity of three Indian medicinal plant choloroform : methanol (50:50) solvent leaf extracts (i.e. Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Curcuma longa) with different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, and 0.156 mg/ml) under in vitro conditions against fish pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, V. anguillarum, and Edwardsiella tarda isolated from olive flounder farms, Jeju Island, South Korea. The anti-microbial activity of the A. indica and O. sanctum extracts yielded the zones of growth inhibition (ZI) was 3 and 1mm against A. hydrophila at concentration of 0.156 mg/ml when compared to that of tetracycline standard (3 mm). At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa, high inhibition was 9, 7, and 6 mm when compared to that of tetracycline (11 mm) against A. hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa at 0.156 mg/ml that yield 9, 10, and 13 CFU/ml for A. hydrophila, 16, 22, and 25 CFU/ml for S. iniae and 18, 22, and 23 CFU/ml for E. tarda compared to the tetracycline. At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of the three extracts was better inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila, S. iniae and E. tarda. A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa were determined to the potential antioxidant activityon the basis of their scavenging activity of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. A. indica extract was 0.625 mg/ml which indicated that the strong anti-oxidant activity. However, O. sanctum and C. longa extracts showed weak anti-oxidant activity at this concentration. Hence, in vitro assay among the pathogens, A. hydropila is better inhibitory activity of the extracts. It is evident that the Indian medicinal plants extracts were subjected to its effectiveness against A. hydrophila, S. iniae, and E.tarda at low concentrations. The obtained results in the present study suggested that the Indian plant extracts is a prevention tools for Korean olive flounder aquaculture pathogens and its need further advance investigation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2014

This study determined the antioxidant levels and activities of hot water aronia extracts by different drying methods such as sun drying, sun drying after steam treatment, freeze-drying, and oven drying. The total polyphenol content, calculated as gallic acid equivalent, was the highest in the freeze-dried sample (910 mg), followed by sun-dried after steam treatment (779 mg), sun-dried (769 mg), and oven-dried (757 mg) samples. Similar patterns were observed for the total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. Freeze-dried aronia samples contained the highest polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents as compared to the samples dried by other methods. All antioxidant activities were found to increase in a dose-dependent manner. For the hot water-extracted freeze-dried aronia powder (200 mg/mL), the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicalscavenging activities were 65.5% and 61.7% and the hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical-scavenging activities were 50.5% and 52.1%, respectively. These results suggest that comparatively, freeze-drying is a better method for preserving the bioactive components and the antioxidant activities of aronia.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.250-260
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• 2012

In the present study, the antioxidative and antibacterial activities of Artemisia princeps Pampanini (A. princeps Pamp.) extract were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. princeps Pamp. showed the most prominent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}=12.27{\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of A. princeps Pamp. extract on $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ systems were investigated using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of the extract ($OSC_{50}=0.33{\mu}g/mL$) had a 5 times greater ROS scavenging activity than L-ascorbic acid ($1.50{\mu}g/mL$), known as a water soluble antioxidant. The cellular protective effects of fractions of A. princeps Pamp. on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were examined. The aglycone fraction of extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of A. princeps Pamp. extract on tyrosinase were investigated to assess their whitening efficiency. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated a 7 times higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect ($IC_{50}=29.20{\mu}g/mL$) than albutin, known as a whitening agent. The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fractions against various normal skin flora were measured. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of the fraction was the highest on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium acnes. Antioxidant substances were isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate fractions. Eupatilin and jaceosidin were identified. These results indicate that the extract/fractions of A. princeps Pamp. can function as antioxidant and/or antibacterial agents for the skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2013

In this work, licorice extracts were prepared using various extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, temperature, and time from Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) produced in Korea and China and Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) in Uzbekistan. The optimum extraction condition was selected from the extraction yields and antioxidative activities of extracts. Korea licorice extracts showed the highest free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (46.05%) under the extraction condition of 85% ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. The prominent ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activity using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay and the cellular protective effect against $^1O_2$ induced cellular membrane damage were also shown from the extracts obtained from the same condition. Especially, Korea G. uralensis extracts exhibited the higher prominent protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$ = 116.4 min) than (+)-(+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 28.5 min) and the extraction yield of Korea licorice extract was 18.75%, which is 1.2 times and 2.5 times higher than that of Uzbekistan and China, respectively. These results indicate that the extraction condition of 85% ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours is optimal to prepare licorice extracts, which can be applicable as anti-oxidative cosmetic materials.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.384-394
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative and anticancer effects of extracts from Adenophora remotiflora leaves. The antioxidative effects of the extracts were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid oxidative inhibition assays. The results indicated that the extracts had stronger effects than the synthetic antioxidant BHT at the same concentration. The $SC_{50}$ values (50% radical scavenging effect on $1{\times}10^{-4}$ M DPPH) of the methanol fraction, water extract, and BHT were 47.5 ${\mu}g$/mL, 74.6 ${\mu}g$/mL and 102.2 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. In addition the $IC_{50}$ values (hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid oxidation inhibition) of the methanol fraction, water extract, and BHT were 120.8 ${\mu}g$/mL, 135.6 ${\mu}g$/mL, and 150.2 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. This research also assessed decreases in the survival of BNLcl2 cells (normal liver cells) by solvent fractions of the A. remotiflora leaf extracts at various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 ${\mu}g$/mL). The water extract did not decrease survival at any of the concentrations when compared to the control group. The hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions decreased survival as compared to the control group by inducing cell toxicity at a concentration of 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL and above. Therefore, an anticancer activity experiment was conducted using concentrations below 500 ${\mu}g$/mL. At 500 ${\mu}g$/mL, the methanol fraction decreased A549 cell (human lung carcinoma cells) survival by 46% as compared to the control group, presenting the greatest effect against cell survival. All extracts showed greater anticancer activity in Hep G2 cells (human liver carcinoma cells) as compared to the A549 cells. For the Hep G2 cells, the methanol extract decreased survival by 28% as compared to the control group at the concentration of 500 ${\mu}g$/mL, thus restraining lung cancer cell growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1212-1218
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• 2015

The study was designed to investigate the effects of cold and conventional extrusion on antioxidant properties of extruded rice with vegetables. Moisture content and screw speed were fixed at 25% and 150 rpm. Cold extrusion and conventional extrusion were adjusted at die temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ with a $CO_2$ injection rate of 300 mL/min and $140^{\circ}C$ without a $CO_2$ injection, respectively. Pumpkin, tomato, strawberry, and green tea powder of 10% were individually blended with rice flour. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of extruded pumpkin and tomato mix by conventional extrusion was higher than that by cold extrusion. Total phenolic content in extruded pumpkin, tomato, and strawberry mix by cold extrusion was higher than that by conventional extrusion. Total flavonoid content was highest (18.82 mg/g) in extruded green tea by conventional extrusion. Total carotenoid content decreased in extruded pumpkin but increased in extruded tomato. Tomato extrudates with cold extrusion had higher lycopene content than conventional extrusion. Anthocyanin content of conventional extruded strawberry was higher than that of cold extrudates. Total chlorophyll contents decreased through the extrusion process.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.244-254
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• 2020

Purpose: Ixeris strigosa (IS) is a perennial plant that commonly grows in meadows. The leaves and roots of IS have been used in medicine as a sedative. This study evaluated the antioxidant and carbohydrate-digestive-enzyme inhibitory effects of IS to determine its potential as an essential antioxidant and glycemic inhibitor for type 2 diabetics. Methods: The antioxidative and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were examined using the water extracts (ISW), ethanol extracts (ISE), and solvent fractions from IS. The antioxidative activities were measured using in vitro methods by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity. Results: Investigations of the total polyphenol, flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant activity, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the IS extract showed that the ISE had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than the ISW, as well as high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extracts of IS (70%) had an α-amylase inhibitory activity of 78.55%. The ethyl acetate fraction (90.56%) showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control, acarbose (83.01%). Conclusion: Among the ISE fractions, the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed the best digestive enzyme inhibitory activity. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract and the carbohydrate, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects showed a stronger correlation with the total phenol and flavonoid contents compared to the ISW. As a result, the antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities of high ISE are due to the phenolic compounds, particularly the flavonoid compounds. Therefore, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the 70% ethanol extract are excellent anti-diabetic functional materials.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2011

Amelanchier asiatica fruits have been used as a traditional medical food. This research was investigated to assess angiotensin converting enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XOase) and elastase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activities. The content of total phenolic compounds in A. asiatica fruits extracts was 17.6mg/mL. In extracts, the electron donating ability by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test of A. asiatica fruits extracts was 90.18% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. The 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical decolorization of A. asiatica fruits extracts was 98.81% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibition rate of the antioxidant protection factor was 1.03, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance was 73.27% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. The XOase inhibition activity of A. asiatica fruits extracts of showed to be 13.19% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. The angiotensin converting enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by A. asiatica fruits extracts as 82.52% inhibitory rate at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Elastase inhibitory activity in the A. asiatica fruits extracts (41.48% at $200{\mu}g/mL$) was higher than vitamin C (12.8% at $200{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggests that A. asiatica fruits extracts have the greatest property as a functional food and functional cosmetic source.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.510-518
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• 2003

Protective effects of natural components including genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) from Glycine max MERRILL on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. Genistein $(10{\sim}100\;{\mu}m)$ suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner, and was more effective than the lipid peroxidation chain blocker, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (Vit. E). Glycoside of genistein, genistin, the water-soluble antioxidant, L-ascorbate, and the iron chelator, myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid dodecasodium salt (sodium phytate) did not exhibit protective effect against photohemolysis. L-Ascorbate and sodium phytate stimulated photohemolysis at high concentration $(500\;{\mu}m)$. ${\alpha}$-Carotene 3,3'-diol (lutein), a singlet oxygen $(^1O_2)$ quencher, exhibited pronounced protective effect, an indication that $^1O_2$ is important in photohemolysis sensitized by rose-bengal. Reactive oxygen scavenging activities $(OSC_{50})$ of natural antioxidants including genistein on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay were in the order of sodium phytate > L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin. $OSC_{50}$ value of genistein, genistin, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, L-ascorbate, and sodium phytate were 41.0, 109.0, 9.0, 5.2, and $0.56{\mu}m$ respectively. The order of free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity $(FSC_{50})$ was L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin. These results indicate that genistein can function as an antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to solar UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and to protect cellular membranes against ROS.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2008

In this study, we have investigated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of mycelium cultural extract from mushroom. Mushroom mycelium was grown in a synthetic liquid media such as PD broth, YM broth or citrus extracts. In antibacterial activity test, the best result was achieved when mycelium cultural extracts from Phellinus linteus and Coriolus versicolor were incubated together on YM broth. On the other hand, mushroom mycelium cultured on citrus extracts showed better activity than that on PD broth. We have also tested the antioxidant activity at concentration up to 10 mg of mycelium cultural extract/mL. The more it is in higher concentration, the more the activity increases. The higher antioxidant activity was observed both on PD broth containing the Phellinus linteus and Coriolus versicolor mycelium and citrus extract containing the same. The complex culture extracts obtained from the synthetic medium and citrus extract medium showed 10-89% of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger activity. The antitumor activity of mycelium cultural extract was examined by using MTT assay on A549 cells. Mushroom mycelium cultured on citrus extracts showed interestingly higher antitumor activity than that on synthetic liquid media.