• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.766-771
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• 2005

We evaluated the effects of newly developed functional food containing Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD as the main material on the lipid and antioxidant metabolisms of hypercholesterolemic rats. Thirty male SD rats were divided into three groups after a 1-week adaptation period and were fed with a high fat-cholesterol diet (control), or with a high fat-cholesterol diet supplemented with low or high doses ($3.1\;{\times}\;10^6\;cfu/day$ or $3.1\;{\times}\;10^8\;cfu/day$) of B. polyfermenticus SCD and other physiological active materials for 6 weeks. Both doses of B. polyfermenticus SCD significantly reduced hepatic total cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing the fecal excretion rates of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglycerides. B. polyfermenticus SCD increased the total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP). The erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase activity in the B. polyfermenticus groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. Plasma TRAP levels exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with hepatic total cholesterol while a significant positive correlation was detected between fecal total cholesterol and plasma TRAP. This hypolipidemic and antioxidative effect of B. polyfermenticus SCD seemed to be unrelated to its dosage. These results suggest that functional food containing B. polyfermenticus SCD can improve oxidative stress and hepatic lipid profiles by enhancing the excretion of cholesterol and triglycerides in feces of rats fed with high fat-high cholesterol diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2000

In this study, a potential mechanism through which the hesperidin might work on the effect was examined in vivo. Male rats were fed a high cholesterol synthetic diet (1%, wt/wt) with hesperidin (0.1%, wt/wt) for 42 days. Activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was significantly lowered by the hesperidin supplement compared to the control. Hesperidin did not significantly alter plasma or hepatic lipids, but tended to lower those lipid levels. Hesperidin also subsequently reduced the fecal neutral sterols compared to the control(253.3mg/d vs.521.9 mg/d). The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase resulting from the hesperidin supplementation could count for the reduction in fecal neutral sterols that appears to compensate for the decreased cholesterol biosynthesis. The dose of hesperidin in a high choles-terol diet should apparently be more than 0.1% to exhibit the hypocholesterolemic response in these rats. It remains to be determined whether the observed alterations in cholesterol metabolism are specific to the rat or also could be applied to the humans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus on the serum lipid in rats fed high fat diet. We compared the effects of L. fructus and L.fructus water extract both adminstered with high fat diets on rats that had previously been on high fat or standard diets. Two separate experiments were conducted for 6 weeks. respectively. In experiment I, 4 groups of rats were fed experimental diets consisting of either \circled1 6 weeks of a standard diet(control), \circled2 6 weeks of a high-fat diet(HHC), \circled3 3 weeks of a high-fat diet followed by 3 weeks of a high-fat diet containing L. fructus(HHL) or \circled4 6 weeks of a high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water for the last 3 weeks (HHT). In the second set of experiments, a high-fat diet (SHC), high-fat diet containing L.fructus(SHL) or high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water (SHT) were fed for 3 weeks after 3 weeks of standard diet feeding. Rats fed L. fructus diet consumed more diets than high-fat diets. THe results of experiment I showed significant decreases(p<0.05) in serum triglyceride(TB) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with L. fructus feedings, but did not show andy changes in total cholesterol (TC) level. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased significantly(p<0.05) with L. fructus feedings. Therefore, the ration of LDL-C to HDL-C(LDL-C/HDL-C) which is used as an atherosclerosis index was significantly (p<0.05) low, while the HDL-c/TC ration was significantly(p<0.05) high with L.fructus intake. However, no significant were found in serum cholesterols and TG levels in experimentII. The results of these experiments indicate that , regardless of the feeding from, L. fructus can be beneficial in lowering serum TG and LDL-C levels for habitual high-fat diet intakers. L.fructus also seems to be effective in elevating serum HDL-C level, theregy having beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipoprotein profile.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1412-1418
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• 2003

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Yukgunja-tang(YGJT) on the change of weight and serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, total lipid, phospholipid level in obese mice induced by high fat diet. I fed normal group fed normal diet and administered DDW 0.2㎖ during 7 weeks, control group fed high fat diet and administered DDW 0.2㎖ during 7 weeks, sample A group fed high diet and administered YGJT 300mg/kg 0.2㎖ during 7 weeks, sample B group fed high diet and administered YGJT 500mg/kg 0.2㎖ during 7 weeks. The results were as follows ; 1. Sample A and Sample B were significantly decreased body weight(4weeks) and serum free fatty acid level in comparison with control group. 2. Sample A was significantly decreased body weight(7weeks), serum total cholesterol level and serum total lipid level, but significantly increased serum HDL-cholesterol level in comparison with control group. 3. Sample A was decreased serum LDL-cholesterol level, serum triglyceride level and serum phospholipid level in comparison with control group. 4. Sample B was increased serum HDL-cholesterol level in comparison with control group. 5. Sample B was decreased body weight(7weeks), serum total cholesterol level, serum LDL-cholesterol level, serum triglyceride level, serum total lipid level and serum phospholipid level in comparison with control group. According to above results, I suggest YGJT is able to be used for the herbal medication of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.205-211
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• 1999

Effects of Houttuynia cordata ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzymes in Sprague Dawley male rats were investigated. High fat used in the diet mixture included 10% of lard, 1% of cholesterol and 0.25% of sodium cholate. Total serum cholesterol contents of the rats fed Houttuynia cordata extracts were decreased compared to the control. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol contents were increased along with the decrease of athrogenic index. When high fat diet was fed, total serum cholesterol contents were significantly increased(p<0.01) with the athrogenic index increase of four times of the control. With the administration of Houttuynia cordata extract HDL cholesterol was increased by 53% in the high fat diet group. Antioxidant enzymes including GST and catalase activities were increased comparing the control. On the otherhand, the extracts lowered phospholipid(p<0.01), GOT, GPT, Cu,Zn SOD and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities in the serum which are related to the liver functions. Therefore, the above results suggest that Houttuynia cordata ethanol extracts can help to maintain normal liver functions and help to protect from peroxidative damages caused by excess dietary fat intake.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-118
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Polygonum multiflorum THUNB(何首烏) on decresing concentration of serum lipid which are triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive(TBARS) in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia rats. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, Normal group (supplied enough water and feeds only, Normal Group), high fat diet administered group(AIN-76 high fat diet #100496 used beef tallow for 4 weeks, Control Group) and Polygonum multiflorum THUNB(何首烏). administered group(AIN-76 high fat diet #100496 used beef tallow and Polygonum multiflorum THUNB(何首烏) extracts 85.0mg/200g 1time/day for 4 weeks, HSO Group). Rats were sacrificed and concentration of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TBARS were measured in rat's serum lipid. Results : There was no significant difference in the level of weigh between Control and HSO Group.(by Duncan test) Concentration of Total lipid has no significant difference in each group. (F=0.702, p=0.511, ANOVA test) Concentration of triglyceride has no significant difference in each group. (F=0.727, p=0.500, ANOVA test) Concentration of LDL-cholesterol was significantly different in each group.(F=.9.894. p=0.002, ANOVA test) It was significantly increased in the Control group compared with the Normal group and it significantly decreased in the HSO group compared with the Control group. Concentration of HDL-cholesterol has no significant difference in each group. (F=1.079, p=0.365, ANOVA test) TBARS values(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) were significantly different in each group.(F=15.580, p=0.0001, ANOVA test) It was significantly increased in the Control group compared with the Normal group and significantly decreased in HSO group compared with the Control group. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is considered that Polygonum multiflorum THUNB(何首烏) is effective in decreasing concentration of serum lipid in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia rats.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2014

Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by an increased inflammatory state and chronic oxidative stress with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, obesity alters cholesterol metabolism with increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols and triglycerides and decreases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols. It has been shown that mulberry leaf and fruit ameliorated hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions in obese and diabetic subjects. We hypothesized that supplementation with mulberry leaf combined with mulberry fruit (MLFE) ameliorate cholesterol transfer proteins accompanied by reduction of oxidative stress in the high fat diet induced obesity. Mice were fed control diet (CON) or high fat diet (HF) for 9 weeks. After obesity was induced, the mice were administered either the HF or the HF with combination of equal amount of mulberry leaf and fruit extract (MLFE) at 500mg/kg/day by gavage for 12 weeks. MLFE treatment ameliorated HF induced oxidative stress demonstrated by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and modulated the expression of 2 key proteins involved in cholesterol transfer such as scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in the HF treated animals. This effect was mainly noted in liver tissue rather than in cutaneous tissue. Collectively, this study demonstrated that MLFE treatment has beneficial effects on the modulation of high fat diet-induced oxidative stress and on the regulation of cholesterol transporters. These results suggest that MLFE might be a beneficial substance for conventional therapies to treat obesity and its complications.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2002

Gender differences in the effects of gonadectomy and high cholesterol diet on body weight and body cholesterol were investigated by using Sprague Dawley rats. Body weight, plasma and liver levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and platelet aggregation were examined in ovariectomized(OVX) or orchidectomized(ODX) rats with their intacts after feeding diet with or without 0.5% cholesterol. Body weight was significantly increased(p < 0.01) in OVX rats and significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in ODX rats compared to their respective intact rats, and cholesterol diet significantly(p < 0.05) decreased body weight in gonadectomized rats. Liver lobes from rats fed cholesterol diet were opaque and larger than those from rats find control dict, resulting in a significant increase(p < 0.01) in LW/BW ratio. Plasma and liver levels of total cholesterol were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in female rats regardless ovariectomy when find 0.5% cholesterol diet, but those levels in male rats were increased only when they were orchidectomized(p < 0.0l). Plasma HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol diet. HDL-cholesterol were higher in female than male rats regardless treatments(p < 0.05). Liver triglyceride was significantly increased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol dict. Plasma level of triglyceride was not different among groups except significant decrease(p < 0.05) in cholesterol find ODX rats. Maximum platelet aggregation in female rats was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than male, but ovariectomy and cholesterol diet caused an increase te the level of male rats. Microscopic examination showed cholesterol diet caused a lipid accumulation in liver. Results indicate that intact female rats have higher response to hypercholestcrolemic diet than intact male rats and orchidectomy causes male rats more responsive to hypercholesterolemic diet. However, ovariectomy causes an increase female food efficiency ratio to the level of male rats, significantly increasing body weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of water extracts from Phellinus linteus on lipid composition and antioxidative system in rats fed high fat high cholesterol diet. Rats were divided into four experimental groups which are composed of normal diet group, high fat high cholesterol diet group, high fat high cholesterol diet with 50 mg/kg b.w water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented group (PA group), high fat high cholesterol diet with 100 mg/kg b.w water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented group (PB group). The serum TG and cholesterol contents of the water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented groups (PA and PB groups) were decreased compared to the high fat high cholesterol diet group. The serum HDL-cholesterol contents of the water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented groups were increased compared to the high fat high cholesterol diet group. The serum LDL-cholesterol and AI of the water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented groups were significantly decreased compared to the high fat high cholesterol diet group. Supplementation of water extracts from Phellinus linteus groups (PA and PB groups) resulted in increased activities of superoxide dismutase. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were increased compared to the high fat high cholesterol diet group. TBARS values in liver and plasma were reduced in water extracts from Phellinus linteus supplemented groups. These result suggest that supplementation of water extracts from Phellinus linteus may have a pronounced impact on lipid composition and antioxidative system in the rats fed high fat high cholesterol diet.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2007

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an abnormal accumulation of the ${\beta}$-amyloid protein $(A{\beta})$ in specific brain region. It has been speculated that disturbance in cholesterol homeostasis may contribute to the etiology of AD by increasing $A{\beta}$ generation. However, conclusive evidence and possible mechanism has not been reported. In the present study, we demonstrated that rabbits treated with 0.5% cholesterol for 16 weeks increased serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. $A{\beta}$ levels is higher in the hippocampus of brain in cholesterol dieted rabbits than that of normal diet rabbis. Expression and activities of ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-$ secretases, the enzymes that cleave ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein to generate $A{\beta}$, were also increased in hippocampus of high cholesterol dieted rabbit than those of normal dieted rabbits. Our results suggest that high cholesterol diet may be associated with increased $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the brain of rabbits, and suggest that high cholesterol diet may be causal factor in the development or progression of AD.