• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

To enhance the capability of starch fermentation of the transformant TSD-14, the heat treated protoplasts of TSD-14 were fused with the protoplasts of C. tropicalis (lys$^-$) in the presence of 30% (w/ v) PEG and 20 mM CaC1$_2$. Fusants were selected by nutritional complementation on minium medium and the fusion frequency was 4.4$\times$10$^{-5}$. All fusants tested were possessed of complemented traits concerning carbon compound assimilation, and the cell volumes of the fusants were approximately 1.5 times larger than the parental strains. The fusants were genetically very stable, and were able to hydrolyze alpha 1,4-glucosidic linkage as well as alpha 1,6-linkage of starch contrary to one of parents TSD-14, The most promising fusant FSC-14-75 produced 8.7% (v/v) of ethanol from 15% liquefied potato starch medium, but the result was enhanced to 9.3% (v/v) by addition of 0.3% peptone. The corresponding fermentation efficiency was 86.0%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2013

The fermented manure derivative known as Preparation 500 is traditionally used as a field spray in biodynamic agriculture for maintaining and increasing soil fertility. This work aimed at characterizing the product from a microbiological standpoint and at assaying its bioactive properties. The approach involved molecular taxonomical characterization of the culturable microbial community; ARISA fingerprints of the total bacteria and fungal communities; chemical elemental macronutrient analysis via a combustion analyzer; activity assays for six key enzymes; bioassays for bacterial quorum sensing and chitolipooligosaccharide production; and plant hormone-like activity. The material was found to harbor a bacterial community of $2.38{\times}10^8$ CFU/g dw dominated by Gram-positives with minor instances of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. ARISA showed a coherence of bacterial assemblages in different preparation lots of the same year in spite of geographic origin. Enzymatic activities showed elevated values of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, chitinase, and esterase. The preparation had no quorum sensing-detectable signal, and no rhizobial nod gene-inducing properties, but displayed a strong auxin-like effect on plants. Enzymatic analyses indicated a bioactive potential in the fertility and nutrient cycling contexts. The IAA activity and microbial degradation products qualify for a possible activity as soil biostimulants. Quantitative details and possible modes of action are discussed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.435-442
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• 2011

At present, lifestyle-related diseases are one of the most critical health issues worldwide. It has been reported that lipopolysaccharide derived from a Gram-negative bacteria (IP-PA1) symbiotic with wheat exhibited several advantageous biological effects, such as the reduction of plasma glucose levels in NOD mice and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in WHHL rabbits. In this study, the beneficial effects on plasma glucose and lipids of a tea (SI tea) consisting of IP-PA1 and Salacia (which contains an inhibitor of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase) were investigated in the KK-Ay/TaJcl type 2 diabetic model mice and in human subjects with premetabolic syndrome in a double-blind, randomized study. S1 tea significantly decreased plasma glucose levels in KK-Ay/TaJcl mice. A clinical trial of SI tea was performed with 41 subjects between the ages of 40 and 69, who belonged either to a high plasma glucose group (HG: FPG 100-125 mg/dl) or to a hyperlipidemia group (HL: TG ${\geq}$ 150 mg/dl, or LDL ${\geq}$ 120 mg/dl, or HDL <40 mg/dl). These subjects ingested either Salacia without IP-PA1 (the control) or SI tea. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, and 60 days after initiating SI tea treatment, and were measured for FPG, HbA1c, TG, LDL, and HDL. These results showed that SI tea reduced FPG and HbA1c more rapidly than the control in the HL group, and also significantly improved LDL and HDL levels in the HG group. Thus, SI tea may be helpful in preventing lifestyle-related diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.371-375
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• 2007

To control blood glucose level as close to normal is a major goal of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are the major risk factors for cardiovascular complications, the major cause of immature death among the patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to determine the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Salicornia herbacea in animal model of type 2 diabetes and to investigate the possible mechanisms for the beneficial effects of S. herbacea. S. herbacea was extracted with 70% ethanol and desalted with 100% ethanol. Three week-old db/db mice (C57BL/KsJ, n=16) were fed AIN-93G semipurified diet or diet containing 1% desalted ethanol extract of S. herbacea for 6 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods and blood glycated hemoglobin ($HbA_{1C}$) by the chromatographic method. Body weight and food intake of S. herbacea group were not significantly different from those of the control group. Fasting plasma glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin levels tended to be lowered by S. herbacea treatment. Consumption of S. herbacea extract significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels (p<0.05). The inhibition of S. herbacea extract against yeast ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 31.9% of that of acarbose at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in vitro. The inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of S. herbacea against porcine pancreatic lipase was 59.0% of that of orlistat at the concentration of 0.25 mg/mL in vitro. Thus, these results suggest that S. herbacea could be effective in controlling hyperlipidemia by inhibition of pancreatic lipase in animal model of type 2 diabetes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate nutritional and physiologically active characterizations of sikhae and the seasoned products from the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi. The total taste values of sikhae fermented for 4 and 5 days were 10.9 and 15.4, respectively, which was lower than for commercially seasoned sea squirts. The sikhaes contained mostly glutamic and aspartic acids. The total amino acid contents of sikhaes fermented for 4 and 5 days were 5.5 and 6.0 g/100 g, respectively, which were lower than those of commercial seasoned-sea squirts or similar. An amount of 100 g of sikhae and its seasoned products contained P, K, Mg and Fe, and these minerals, which are deemed good for our health, were at 10% above the recommended daily requirements. The functional properties of sikhae fermented for 4 and 5 days were as follows: for ACE inhibiting activity, 69 and 69.5%, respectively; for antioxidative activity, 28.9 and 29.3%, respectively; for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, 52.8 and 53.1%, respectively; and for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 2.4 and 1.4%, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the 5 day fermented sikhae against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphyloccus aureus was detected in 8 mm and in 7 mm against Escherichia coli.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.101-110
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• 2011

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the different NaOH pretreatment concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%) on enzymatic saccharification (with cellulase, and ${\beta}$-glucosidase) and fermentation (by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeKCCM 11304) for bioethanol production from rice straw and rice husk. Pretreatment of rice straw and rice husk were conducted under both natural and powder state to observe the potentiality of the biomass condition (natural and powder state). In this study, glucose and ethanol production were increased with the increase of NaOH percentage for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). For rice straw, the highest amount of glucose was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.81 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.63 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). Similarly, for rice husk, the highest amount of glucose was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.47 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.46 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). However, 0.75% NaOH pretreatment resulted in glucose yield near about 1.00% NaOH pretreatment for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). On the other hand, for rice straw, the highest amount of ethanol was obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.36 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.31 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). In addition, for rice husk, the highest amount of ethanol was also obtained in 1.00% NaOH pretreatment (0.24 g $g^{-1}$ in a natural, and 0.23 g $g^{-1}$ in a powder state pretreatment). Moreover, 0.75% NaOH pretreatment resulted in ethanol yield near about 1.00% NaOH pretreatment for both rice straw and rice husk (natural and powder state). It was confirmed that higher amount of NaOH use is cost effective. Moreover, higher amount of glucose and ethanol was observed when powder was prepared after pretreatment. So 0.75% NaOH pretreatment in a natural state is supposed to be suitable for enzymatic saccharification and fermentation for bioethanol production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.535-544
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of isoflavone composition (glycoside and bio-active aglycone) in Cheonggukjang and to evaluate its quality characteristics depending on different soybean cultivars (Daewon, Daepoong, Wooram, Hwangkeumol and Saedanback). The bioactivity of Cheonggukjang was enhanced during fermentation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, protease, and cellulase increased significantly after 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). In addition, amino-type nitrogen and reducing sugar contents in Cheonggukjang fermented with B. subtilis increased significantly after 48 h fermentation (p<0.05). Among the isoflavones, the content of $\beta$-glucosides and acetyl-glucosides decreased, while aglycone content increased during fermentation. Especially, Cheonggukjang fermented with Daepoong cultivars showed the greatest increase in daidzein, genistein and glycitein contents. After 48 h fermentation, the contents of daidzein, genistein and glycitein in the Cheonggukjang fermented with Daepoong cultivars increased significantly up to $503.65{\pm}2.76$, $111.40{\pm}0.42$, and $633.95{\pm}6.01{\mu}g/g$ (p<0.05), respectively. Total aerobic and anaerobic cell counts increased with increase in fermentation time. Therefore, it would be beneficial for the food industry if components of Cheonggukjang could be separated and used to develop functional products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.442-450
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• 2014

In this study, we isolated a cellulase-producing bacterium isolated from traditional Korean fermented soybean paste and investigated the effect of culture conditions on the production of cellulase. This bacterium, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis 4-1 through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, showed the highest cellulase activity when the cells were grown at $45^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours in the CMC medium supplemented with 1.0% of soluble starch and 0.1% yeast extract. The initial optimum pH of the medium was observed in the range of 5.0~9.0. The optimal pH and temperature for the production of cellulase from B. subtilis 4-1 were pH 9.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. In addition, the enzyme showed significant activity in the temperature range of $20{\sim}90^{\circ}C$, which indicates that B. subtilis 4-1 cellulase is an alkaline-resistance and thermo-stable enzyme. This enzyme showed higher activity with CMC as the substrate for endo-type cellulase than avicel or pNPG as the exo-type substrates for exo-type cellulase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. These results suggest that the cellulase produced from B. subtilis 4-1 is a complex enzyme rather than a mono-enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.436-445
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• 2020

Goji berry (Lycium chinense Mill.) is one of medicinal plants. Its leaves has been used to manufacture the functional foods by replacing the dried-fruit because of low production costs. In order to produce the leaves of uniform quality, continuous selection and the establishment of cultivation techniques were required. Among the eleven recommended cultivars, 'Myeongan' showed high yielding and rapid regeneration after cutting. The dried-leaf yield was linearly increased from 106 kg/10a on May 16 to 287 kg/10a on June 20. An appropriate cutting date and cutting length (about 60-70 cm) was important factors for its efficient regeneration. The late cutting times were not suitable due to difficulties during plant harvesting because of stem rigidity and thorn generation. The betaine content of leaves ranged from 1.43 ~ 2.63% and significantly affected by the varieties and the cutting dates. The main physiological functionality of leaf was Angiotesin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, representing the anti-hypertensive. The other physiological functionalities, XOD inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, SOD-like activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and fibrinolytic activity, were not detected or less than 20%.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

Streptomyces produces many kinds of secondary-metabolites including antibiotics. Screening of a new compound and elucidation of a biosynthetic pathway for the secondary metabolites are very important fields of biology, however, there is a main problem that most of the identified compounds are already researched compounds. To solve these problems, a microarray system that is based on the data related to the biosynthetic genes for secondary-metabolites was designed. For the main contents of DNA microarray, the important genes for the bio-synthesis of aminoglycosides, polyenes group, enediyne group, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, glycopeptide group, and orthosomycin group were chosen. A DNA microarray with 69 genes that were involved in the bio-synthesis for the antibiotics mentioned above was prepared. The usability of the DNA microarray was confirmed with the chromosomal DNA and total RNA extracted from S. coelicolor whose genomic sequence had already been reported.