• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate how the special protection area designations of degraded trails effect on the soil and vegetation recovery of degraded trails. The study areas were established on an opened trail and a 16-year closed trail, which was prohibited to enter after the designation as a special protection area for recovery, at Bukhansan National Park. Soil core sampling and measurements of vegetation cover were performed to compare soil and vegetation properties of the trails. Soil bulk density increased and soil water total nitrogen decreased on the opened trail, while no significant differences were found on bulk density, soil water, total nitrogen, acidity, and organic matter on the closed trail. On the opened trail, vegetation cover was seemed to be degraded, because vegetation litter cover ratio was low and barren rock cover ratio was high. On the closed trail, litter rock barren cover ratio of the closed trail was recovered, but only limited recovery was found on vegetation cover by applying environmental damage condition rating class. In conclusion, the closed trail was recovered by designation of special protection area, while difference in recovery progress of soil and vegetation was found. Therefore, designation of special protection area of degraded area should be based on scientific basis of recovery characteristics of the area. In order to improve the effectiveness of special protection area system, further specific standards for special protection area designation and management would be needed, considering ecological and social importance of target areas.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2018

The Bayon style Avalokitesvara statue from the $13^{th}$ century Angkor period is on display at the Cambodia Angkor Conservation Office. This statue is composed of dark green felthspathic greywacke, the surface of which has been shown light brown discoloration, detected calcite crystallization. As a result of condition assessment, the statue was damaged due to overlap scaling and cracking. Ultrasonic tests have investigated remarkable physical weathering area, flaking and fragmentation in lower velocity. The physical condition of the statue requires a conservation method that improves the binding power. To protect against salt weathering and to ensure physical stability, new conservation material composed of mixed ethyl silicate and sandstone powder similar to that composing the statue was created. The material affected by damage was removed and replaced with the new conservation material.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2008

This study was carried out to obtain ecological information necessary for a conservation plan based on the distributional patterns, wetland types, and hydrophytic characteristics of urban wetlands in Seongnam City, Kyunggi Province where representing the various patterns of land use made by rapid urbanization since 1970s. Total 162 sites of four wetland types were identified as urban wetlands during the first survey. The sites were classified into 55 forested swamps, 4 riverine wetlands, 62 abandoned paddy fields, 37 small ponds, and 4 reservoirs, etc. The second survey targeted 107 sites which were identified as good wetlands. It showed that 42 sites(about 39%) were already degraded due to drainage, landfill, and crop cultivation at 6 months intervals. Both hydrologic conditions and hydrophytic characteristics of 27 good wetlands help maintain current ecological status, but most wetlands have been degraded by artificial impacts. Among 184 species identified, only 75 species(about 40.7%) were hydrophytes. Prevalence Index of hydrophyte based on three categories of OBL(obligatory wetland plant), FAC(facultitative plant), UPL(obligatory upland plant) was 3.7, indicating that vegetation data alone is inadequate to designate as wetlands. This study revealed that as critical habitats for wildlife they playa vital role in ecotone between both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem with its proper distributional pattern in spite of their small areas compared to the entire geographic region of the City.

• Water for future
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.15-28
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• 2000

하천복원(河川復元, stream restoration)이란 이·치수 위주의 하천 정비나 불량한 유역 관리에 의해 훼손된 하천의 생태 서식처를 되살리기 위해 하천 변을 원래의 자연 상태에 가깝게 되돌리는 것이다. 본 하천복원 특집은 사적인 연구 동호회인 ＇하천복원 연구회＇의 회원 중 하천 기술자와 생물 전문가들에 의해 꾸며졌다. 이 특집에서는 하천 복원의 개론 성격으로 하천 복원의 이해와 국내외 사례 등을 먼저 소개하고, 다음 하천 복원의 주요 대상인 하천 식생과 물고기의 서식처 특성에 대해 소개한다. 마지막으로 하천 복원의 주요 도구인 자연형 하천공법에 대해 호안 재료와 환경변화를 중심으로 소개한다. 하천 복원은 선진 외국의 경우 하천 수리학과 생태학 등에서 이미 보편화되고 있는 분야이다. 우리도 자연 생태 복원에 대한 사회의 욕구가 점차 높아지고 있으므로 이에 관련된 지식과 기술의 이해와 관심이 요구된다.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.41 no.42
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• pp.27-40
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• 1995

동굴 생물의 실태를 조사한다는 것은 이 동굴이 그대로 살아 있는가 아니면 이미 폐허화된 동굴인가를 판가름할 수 있는 좋은 근거가 된다. 본 연구는 화암동굴의 동굴 생물들이 서식할 수 있는 생태환경을 조사 분석하고 이들 동굴 생물들의 분포 상태가 어떠한가를 연구 조사한 것이다. 앞으로 이들 동굴 생물의 생태 환경이 그대로 존속되고 있는지 아니면 훼손 오염되어 생태 환경이 보존되고 있지 아니한가를 비교 분석 관찰하는 자료가 될 것이다. 실지 현지 조사한 근거를 토대로 기록한 자료이기 때문에 이 연구 결과가 영원히 보존되어야 하겠다.(중략)

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

A public key certificate may be revoked before its validity period due to causes like the owner identification information change or the private key damage. Since a certificate has long valid time relatively, it is possible to become revoked during lifetime of certificate. The main technical issue in the public key infrastructure is how to handle the status of the certificate. We propose a simple mechanism for online certificate status validation that is suited to the financial network The characteristic of the proposed method is to broadcast certificate revocation information by using verifier list. The experimental results provide the same realtime as OCSP(Online Certificate Status Protocol). The proposed mechanism reduces the network load for certificate status validation in highly concentrated unbearable network.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 1995

Visitors to Chuwangsan National Park were survayed from August 3 to 5 n 1994. During this time, 346 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 65% were males. 63% of respondents reported that they had gone as far as college. 48% were 20 years of age. 97% of the survey respondents had experience to visit other national parks. The largest percentage of respondents were reported that they visited Chuwangsan Nat'1 Park for enjoying natural landscape. In group type, 50% were traveling with their family and 36% with their friends. In activity characteristics, 51% were day-time visitors, and 18% mentioned carrying in their on food. Generally most respondents were very interested in the environmental problem in national parks. The majority of visitors perceived that the environment of Chuwangsan Nat'1 Park were good enough. In six types of normative violations, the major reasons of littering were unintentional violation and releaser-cue violation. Most respondents were not likely to intervene to stop other visitors' depreciative behavior (Bystander intervention behavior). In two dilemmas, the more likely the intention to obey a regulation the less likely the intention to disobey a regulation, and vice-versa.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.809-824
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• 2012

Stone cultural heritages quantitatively as well as qualitatively occupy a large proportion in the designated heritages in Korea. The Stone Buddha statue in the Gulbulsa temple site, designated as the No. 121 treasure in 1935, is located in the southwestern slope of Mt. Sogeumgang, Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongbuk Province and Buddhist images are sculptured on four sides of a 3.5m-tall gigantic rock. The damage states result from the weathering degree and indicate high correlation with the water contents. The water contents in the Stone Buddha of Gulbulsa temple site are highest at the east side and then decrease in order of north, south and west sides. These are proportional to the durations of sunshine. Moreover, the Stone Buddha of Gulbulsa temple site with dense joints, repaired areas and vegetated areas by lichens shows high water contents and damage states.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2016

'Eojin', king's portraits, had been produced during the Joseon dynasty. The portrait of King Taejo, the founder of the Joseon dynasty, remain at National Palace Museum of Korea and Gyeonggijeon portrait hall in Jeonju and Junwonjeon portrait hall in North Korea that has been recorded in original glass plate photo in 1911. Many replica of Eojin have been made since it is important to preserve and protect original one. In this study, the portrait of King Taejo, which is possessed by National Palace Museum of Korea, was researched for making replication standard version of the original form. It was focused on derivations of each artefacts and drawing lines those had been described on the picture including comparison among three portraits of King Taejo. Producing the replication standard version of King Taejo's portrait, the digital restoration techniques by the method of partition area scanning was applied. Accurate and precise detail result that is taken by digital imaging technique gives additional information regarding the relations among three portraits of King Taejo.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.19-32
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• 2012

Paper relics, which are made of natural ingredients, are more likely to be damaged by a compendium of complicated causes (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological causes) rather than by a sole cause. In December 2009, Culture Heritage Conservation Science Center discovered several damages in paper relics related to Chungmugong Yi Sunsin, and requested for conservation treatment from the Hyeonchungsa Shrine office. By conducting a comprehensive research to determine the damage level of each artifact, the center was able to establish a proper conservation method, and for two years after its completion of such research in 2010, it has been conducting treatment. This study suggests the proper ways to select adequate conservation treatment based on the type of paper relics - Documents and Books - through the case of artifacts related to Chungmugong Yi, Sunsin. Even though the conservation treatment on paper relics can suppress damaging speed and prevent another damages, it is impossible to stop aging process of relics. Therefore regular inspection is essential for prevent second damage.