• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Comparative effects between commercial fumigation (methyl bromide/MeBr, phosphine $gas/PH_3$) and gamma irradiation (5, 10 kGy) on dried red pepper were investigated in terms of it microbiological quality, moisture content Hunter's colors, and UV-visible spectra during storage for 8 months at mom temperature. The non-treated control samples showed total aerobic bacteria as $4.8\times10^5\;CFU/g$ in powdered state and $1.8\times10^2\;CFU/g$ in whole red repper. While yeasts and molds were $1.7\times10^5\;CFU/g$ in powdered pepper and $5.0\times10^2\;CFU/g$ in whole pepper, respectively. The effect of chemical fumigant on microbial decontamination was negligible, whereas irradiation at 5 kGy was proven to reduce the microbial populations by 2 to 3 log cycles that could improve the hygienic quality of powdered pepper. Moisture content of the samples showed no noticeable changes resulting 1mm irradiation or fumigation. Immediately after treatments, irradiation or fumigation reduced Hunter's lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) of the samples (p<0.05), but there was no difference in color parameters between the control and all treated stoups after 4 months of storage. It was found that storage period was more influential than irradiation or fumigation to changes in moisture and color of dried red pepper and ie powder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.1072-1078
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• 2015

To maintain high quality and microbiological safety of paprika during storage for export, paprika samples after harvest were treated with 75 ppmv chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) gas and stored at $8^{\circ}C$, which is the optimal storage temperature, for 30 days. $ClO_2$ gas treatment reduced initial populations of total aerobic bacteria in samples by 1.62 log CFU/g as well as yeast and molds by 1.45 log CFU/g compared to those of the control. During storage, weight loss of all samples increased, and samples treated with $ClO_2$ gas showed lower weight loss than the control. In addition, total soluble solid and total phenolic contents were not significantly different between the samples during storage, whereas vitamin C content and hardness of all samples decreased. Hunter L, a, and b values of paprika samples were not significantly different between the treatments. These results suggest that $ClO_2$ gas treatment can be effective for improving microbiological safety and maintaining high quality of paprika during storage.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.2 s.59
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• pp.96-101
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to investigate control efficacy by cultural practice and fumigation of tacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solancearum in resistant tobacco line NC82 at the Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Eumseong Experiment Station in 1982 and 1983. The bacterial wilt of tobacco occurred severely from mid-July to last August in applicable temperature and soil humidity for increasing bacteria. Disease severity appeared low and slowly at fumigation and resistant variety treatment. Incidence of bacterial wilt in tobacco line NC82 was $44.7\~55.8\%$ being compared with susceptible variety, NC2326 and $95\~99\%$ when resistant variety, NC32 was cultivated with soil fumigation treatment. Control efficacy of cultural practices appeared low with $0.8\~20\%$ and was not different from resistant variety and fumigation treatment. Control system against bacterial wilt in flue-cured tobacco was accomplished by control efficacy over $95\%$ when resistant variety(NC82) was cultured after treatment of cultural practices (Tillering after harvest and before transplanting, stalk and root destruction, early transplanting early removal of the mulching film) and soil fumigation(Cylon).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2022

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the disinfection of clinical ultrasound probes using the vapor fumigation method, which can quickly achieve high-level disinfection. Upon the inspection of the microbial contamination level of clinically used ultrasound probes, nine different types of bacteria were detected. The disinfection efficacy of 7.5% and 35% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was comparatively tested for the detected microbes. The 35% H₂O₂ demonstrated superior efficacy per disinfection duration. No significant change was observed in the rubber component of the ultrasound probes as a result of the 35% H₂O₂ disinfection treatment. The probes were contaminated with the microbes detected in the microbial contamination level inspection and subsequently disinfected using the novel medical disinfector that utilizes the vapor fumigation method. As a result, the disinfection using the novel device achieved 100% eradication of the microbes from the probes.This study demonstrates that the novel vapor fumigation method-based disinfector provides a faster and more powerful means of disinfection than the conventional disinfection methods. Therefore, the novel disinfector has the potential to be used as a convenient ultrasound probe disinfector in clinical settings.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the sporicidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) spores. In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against C. perfringens spores was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. C. perfringens spores working culture suspension number (N value), all the spore numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacterial spore recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of C. perfringens spores exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacterial spore in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacterial spore on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.3{\times}10^7spores/mL$, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $4.9{\times}10^5spores/carrier$. In the sporicidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 4.52log reduction. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective sporicidal fumigant should be over than 3log reduction. The results indicated that Fumagari $OPP^{(R)}$ had an efficient sporicidal activity against spores of C. perfringens, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with bacterial spores.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$, fumigation disinfectant, containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against S. aureus was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. S. aureus working culture suspension number (N value), all of the colony numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacteria recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of S. aureus exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacteria in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacteria on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/mL, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $3.4{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 6.43 logCFU/mL. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bactericidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. The results indicated that Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$ had an effective bactericidal activity against S. aureus, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.354-361
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• 2021

Understanding the phytotoxic mechanism of methyl bromide (MB), an essential fumigant during the quarantine and pre-shipment process, is urgently needed to ensure its proper use and reduce international economic losses. In a previous study, two main MB-induced toxic mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and auxin distribution were selected by analyzing transcriptomic analysis. In the study, a 3-week-old A. thaliana was supplied with 1 mM ROS scavengers [N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or L-glutathione (GSH)] and 1µM indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) three times every 12 h, and visual and gene expression assessments were performed to evaluate the reduction in phytotoxicity by supplements. Phytotoxic effects on the MB-4h exposed group were decreased with GSH application compared to the other single supplements and a combination of supplements at 7 days post fumigation. Among these supplements, GSH at a concentration of 1, 2, and 5mM was suppled to A. thaliana with MB-fumigation. During a long-term observation of 2 weeks after the fumigation, 5 mM GSH application was the most effective in minimizing MB-induced phytotoxic effects with up-regulation of HSP70 expression and increase in main stem length. These results indicated that ROS was a main key factor of MB-induced phytotoxicity and that GSH can be used as a supplement to reduce the phytotoxicity of MB.

• 월간산업보건
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• s.40
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• pp.13-18
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• 1991

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1984

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1989