• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.836-848
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• 2019

This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.139-176
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• 2011

Non-regular workers came to the fore while working class formation was in retreat along with the democratic labor movement of regular workers. The formation of principal agents, however, is yet to occur. Then, why non-regular workers' struggles could not yield a consequence in that regard? What kind of factors are to determine the outcome of the struggles and how do they do it? It is the aim of this study to answer those questions. In contrast with regular workers' struggles, non-regular workers' struggles tend to break out in response to capitalist offensives, rely on atypical and, often, extreme measures of struggle rather than strike in the form of work stoppage, drag out for too long, and appeal for social solidarity outside when the solidarity of regular workers is not available. Non-regular workers' struggles tend to end up with failure rather than success, and with weakening rather than strengthening of their organizational strength. So as to overcome the tendency to fail, non-regular workers' struggles need regular workers' solidarity in addition to their own strong mobilization power, while social solidarity or positional power could substitute for regular workers' solidarity in some cases. So as to build up their organizational strength, non-regular workers' struggles should win victories in the struggles, while a victory could turn into a trap in the case of conversion. Both regular workers' solidarity and the internal integration of the struggles are two foremost important factors in achieving the victory of struggles and the building-up of organizational strength. Those who have got involved in struggles are from the best organized sector among all the non-regular workers. As they have gone through weakening of organizational strength, it becomes more difficult for non-regular workers to form principal agents. Without non-regular workers' struggles, however, the capitalist offensives must have carried the day. In that sense, non-regular workers' struggles did a role in at least detaining capitalist offensives, if not stopping them. The practical implication of non-regular workers' struggles is that, if non-regular workers redefine the ultimate goal of their struggles as the formation of their principal agents for working class formation, it would be a strategically rational choice to identify the strategic objective of struggles with the maintaining and strengthening of their organizational strength rather than the achievement of their immediate demands.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.239-249
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of the factors which could be influenced by orthognathic surgery especillay SSRO. We measured the amounts of the maximum opening, lateral movements, maximum velocity and pattern of mandibular path during the opening and closing of mandible at the following times ; preoperative, 1 month after operation, 6 months after operation respectively using MKG. And the results were compared according to the categorized subgroups. Following results were obtained : 1. The change of the amounts of mandibular lateral movement and maximum opening velocity were statistically different between male and female (p<0.05), but the others were not. 2. According to the method of operation, there was no difference in the change of the mandibular movements between the group of SSRO and SSRO plus LeFort I osteotomy (p>0.05). 3. According to the amounts of mandibular movement, the recovery of left lateral movement of the group of $6{\sim}10mm$ was better than the other groups (p<0.05). 4. In the frontal pattern of the opening and closing of the mandible, the complex deflected type (F5), simple deflected type (F4), complex deviated type (F3), simple deviated type (F2), straight type (F1) were obtained in order at the time of preoperative, simple deflected type, simple deviated type, complex deviated type, straight type, complex deflected type in order at the time of 1 month after surgery, and the result at the time of 6 months after surgery was the same with that of the time of preoperative. In the sagittal pattern, non-coincident type (S2) was predominant at the time of preoperative, and coincident type (S1) was predominant at the time of 1 month after surgery. After 6 months, the result was also the same with that of the preoperative in sagittal pattern. 5. There was not a statistical difference in the change of the mandibular movement between group of presence of the preoperative TMJ symptoms and non-presence group (p>0.05). 6. There was not a statistical difference in the change of the mandibular movement between repositioning device applied group and non-applied group (p>0.05). 7. Sixty three percents of the patients who had preoperative TMJ symptoms were improved after surgery and preoperative TMJ symptoms were more improved after operation in the repositioning device non-applied group statistically (p<0.05).