• Landscaping Tree
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• v.48 no.1_2
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• pp.18-19
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2010

The distribution of three typical warm-temperate evergreen trees, Quercus acuta Thunb., Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz., and Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc., were surveyed on the Korean Peninsula based on field and specimen investigations and the distribution maps of the three species were prepared. The distribution patterns of the species correspond to the south coast floristic region in Korea, which includes the distributional areas of Jeju-do, Isl. Ulleung, the southern coastal areas, and the areas up to the islands around Incheon in the Yellow Sea. The northernmost limit of the distribution of Quercus acuta is Isl. Nap of Incheon in the west, and a new distribution was found at Isl. Ulleung in the East Sea; additionally, the limit of Neolitsea sericea is the Deojoek archipelago of Incheon. The northernmost limit of Machilus thunbergii is Isl. Daecheong of Incheon, which is the highest latitude among those of the three species. This distribution survey of evergreen broad-leaved trees in Korea can be used as basic data for the delimitation of floristic regions and as a bio-indicator of climatic change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 1994

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo. Forty-nine plots were classified into six groups, which are Camellea japonica community, Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboidii-Camellea japonica community and evergreen broad-leaved mixed community by the DCA ordiantion and TWINSPAN techniques. Successional sere of the forest vegetation in the surveyed area were proceeding from Pinus densiflora through Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieholdii to Neolitsea sericea, Dendropanax morbifera, Machilus japonica, Quercus acuta and Mahilus thunbergii in the canopy layer group and from Ligustrum japonicum, Ardisia japonica. Eurya japonica. Rhaphiolepsis umbellata through Trachelosperum asiaticum, Kadsura japonica. Litsia Japonica, Camellea japonica to Aucuba japonica, Euscaphis japonica, Ficus erecta in the understory and shrub layer group.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-96
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• 2018

We investigated and analyzed three Korean island sites (Bijin-do, Ae-do, and Bogil-do) and one Japanese site (Tachibanayama) of sword-leaf litsea (Actinodaphne lancifolia) forests, known as the climax forest, to discuss the vegetation succession sere of warm-temperature evergreen broad-leaved forests. We then reviewed the literature in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan to consider the distribution characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests, vegetation succession sere, and climax tree species. Although Mt. Tachibana and Ae-do showed the most advanced vegetation structure, the soil and ordination (CCA) analysis indicated that it was not enough to consider that the sword-leaf litsea forest was at the climax stage in the warm-temperature region. The Actinodaphne lancifolia forest is sparsely distributed in Korea and Japan while the common types of vegetation in the warm temperate zone region in East Asia are Machilus spp., Castanopsis spp., and Cyclobalanopsis spp. The vegetation succession sere of the Korean warm-temperature region is thought to have a secondary succession such as Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Q. serrata (early stage) through Machilus thunbergii, innamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Actinodaphne lancifolia (middle stage) to Castanopsis sieboldii, Q. acuta, Q. salicina (climax stage). However, Machilus thunbergii will be the climax species as an edaphic climax in places where there is a strong influence of the sea wind, or it is difficult to supply the seeds of Castanopsis spp. and Cyclobalanopsis spp.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 실내에 조사되는 다양한 광량하에서 녹나무과 목본 2종을 재배하면서 생육반응을 조사하였다. 식물재료는 참식나무[Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz.]와 후박나무(Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc.)의 3년생 실생묘를 사용하였다. 실험공간은 광량을 10, 50, 100 및 200 PPFD (${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)로 달리하였으며, 광주기(12/12 h), 온도($25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), 습도($55{\pm}3%$) 및 관수(1회/3일) 조건이 동일하게 유지되는 밀실로 조성되었다. 각 광량조건 하에서 8주간 재배된 식물의 생육특성 및 광화학반응이 조사되었으며, 유리온실에 동일 기간동안 재배한 식물과 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 참식나무는 광량에 관계없이 초장을 제외한 전반적인 생육반응이 유사하였으며, 엽록소함량(SPAD)은 광량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 최대양자수율(Fv/Fm) 및 스트레스지수(Fm/Fo)는 200 PPFD에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며, 이는 대조구와 유사한 경향이었다. 후박나무는 대조구와 비교하여 모든 광량조건에서 초장이 감소하였으며, 특히 10 PPFD에서는 잎의 탈락에 따른 관상가치가 저하되었다. 엽록소함량은 100, 200 PPFD 광량에서 감소하였으며, 대조구도 유사한 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 유리온실의 대조구와 100, 200 PPFD 광량에서 최대양자수율, 스트레스지수 및 PSII 성능지수(Pi_Abs)의 유의한 차이가 확인되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 1978

Five species, Abies koreana Wilson (A. koreana), Castanopsis cuspidata var. Sieboldii Nakai (C. Cuspidata). Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (M. thunbergii), Styrax japonica (S. japonica), and Quercus acuta Thunberg(Q. acuta) growing in the southern part of Korea were selected for the investigation of wood properties. In order to evaluate the wood properties of these five species, anatomical, physical, mechanical, chemical and pulping characteristics were investigated. And this study also covered wood technological problems related to the drying, gluing, debarking, flooring, and wood workability so that these species might serve to the best advantage. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The trunk of A. koreana with many knots was straight. However, the trunks of S. japonica and C. cuspidata were crooked. 2. A. koreana showed the longest and the widest ill the fiber morphology; 2.97mm in length, 39.3${\mu}$ in width. In general, fiber width of all the species investigated were greater than those of other Korean hardwoods. 3. The specific gravity of Q. acuta was 0.74${\pm}$0.03, and that of A.koreana was 0.34${\pm}$0.02. The range of specific gravity of the other species was 0.47-0.52. 4. The adsorption of water was propotioned inversely with the specific gravity, but the adsorption of humidity was proportioned with the specific gravity. In spite of their medium density, S. japonica showed the greatest adsorption, and M. thunbergii the least. The water adsorption of cross section was twice greater than that of lateral direction, and there was a slight difference in between the radial and the tangential direction. 5. Shrinkage for tested five species was ranged from 5.36 to 10.24% in tangential direction, and 2.83~6.13% in radial direction. Q. acuta recorded the greatest shrinkage rate, and A. koreana the least. The greater was the specific gravity, the larger was the shrinkage rate. 6. The mechanical properties of Q. acuta were similar to those of Quercus mongolica which grow in Kangwon-Do. Strength properties of C. cuspidata, M. thunbergii, A. koreana were equivalent to those of other Korean commercial woods with similar specific gravity, except S. japonica which showed slightly higher strength than that of other species with similar density. 7. Higher glue joint strength for urea and phenol adhesieves was recorded in the species of M. thunbergii and C. cuspidata, however, high-density species(Q. acuta) and even low-density species(A. koreana) did not show good joint strength. 8. The attractive figure of M. thunbergii in texture seemed to he appreciated for decoration. And the grain and texture of other species were proper for furniture and building materials. 9. All of the species except Q. acuta were considered good for wood workability. 10. The denser the specific gravity was, the longer the drying time took. However, severe drying defects were formed in M. thunbergii whose density was medium. 11. All the species were considered suitable for the flooring wood expect A. koreana whose density was light. 12. Pentosan component in all the species was great, and the amount of extractives in Q. acuta was worth noticing. 13. Yield in kraft pulp was above the level of economic pulp yield, i.e. 45% in all species. 14. Debarking was easy in the species of A. koreana and M. thunbergii, and debarking after being boiled in water was the most efficient in all species.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.142-145
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• 1991

Two flavonoids have been isolated from the leaves of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae) and identified as hyperin and isoquercitrin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.410-419
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• 2005

Community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest of Mt. Yeogwi in Jin-do was investigated to secure sustainable conservation of evergreen broad-leaved forest. Twenty survey plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were established along the elevation from 200 m to 390 m above the sea level in the northwestern slope. The woody species were tallied at each plots. DBH distribution of the major evergreen broad-leaved trees was investigated to find out the spatial distribution. Cluster analysis was applied to a set of vegetation data, that is, importance value to classify the forest community. Species diversity, evenness and species correlation were analysed. Canonical correspondence analysis was also applied to vegetation data and soil environmental data. Cluster analysis showed that the forests of Mt. Yeogwi were classified into 2 community groups, such as Camellia japonica community group and Quercus acuta community group. C japonica community group was subdivided into C japonica- evergreen broad-leaved trees community, C. japonica-Neolitsea sericea community, and C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community. Q. acuta community group was subdivided into Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and Q. acuta community. C. japonica, Q. acuta, N. sericea, Machilus thunbergii and Illicium religiosum were dominant evergreen broad-leaved tree species, while Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Cornus kousa, Prunus sargentii, Albizzia julibrisin and Quercus acutissima were major deciduous tree species. Species diversity was greater in Q. acuta community group (0.8231 for Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and 0.8135 for Q. acuta community) than in C. japonica community group (0.7674 for C. japonica-evergreen broad-leaved trees community, 0.6164 for C. japonica-N. sericea community, and 0.7931 for C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community). DBH 2 cm~10 cm of major evergreen broad-leaved trees occupied 80% of all. C. japonica of less than DBH 5 cm tended to aggregate but distribute randomly or regularly with increasing DBH. Q. acuta distributed more aggregately than C. japonica and Machilus thunbergii for more than 15 cm of DBH. C. japonica correlated negatively with Q. acuta, I. religiosum and C. kousa, but positively with N. sericea. with significance at 1% level. Q. acuta correlated negatively with C. japonica, N. sericea and M. thunbergii but positively with l. religiosum. There were also negative correlation between N. sericea and C. kousa. CCA showed that forest communities were correlated with soil variables such as CEC, soil organic matter and soil pH. With increased soil organic matter and CEC, and decreased soil pH, C. japonica was dominant and forest community and Q. acuta and N. sericea tended to develop in the evergreen broad-leaved forest.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.233-247
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• 1999

A survey of syntaxa of vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Korea, class Camellietea japonicae is presented. 399 releve's were arranged two phytosociological tables, each representing an alliance. A synoptic table comprising all alliances is presented. The vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forests is divided into three alliances including twelve new associations: (1) Querco - Castanopsion all. nov., split into four associations, Castanopsietum sieboldii, Quercetum acutae, Quercetum myrsinaefoliae and Litseetum japonicae; (2) Machilo-Camellion all. nov., separate into ten associations, Machiletum thunbergii, Pittosporetum tobirae, Aucubetum japonicae, Neolitsetum sericeae, Euryetum emarginatae, Elaeagnetum macrophyllae, Camellietum japonicae, Theo-Camellietom japonicae, Raphiolepietum umbellatae and Daphniphylletum macropodae; (3) Dendropanaco-Castanopsion sieboldii including one association, Hosto minoris-Castanopsietum sieboldii. The alliances are floristically and ecologically characterized and their distribution in Korea shown on the map.