• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.129-129
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• 2000

태양전지는 태양광에너지를 바로 전기에너지로 전환시키는 소자이다. 최근에는 다결정 태양전지의 응용가능성에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 오고 있다. 이 중 CuInSe2는 여러 가지 좋은 물성을 가지고 있어서, 저가의 고효율 태양전지를 위한 광흡수층 재료로 주목받고 있다. 현재까지 다양한 방법이 시도되었지만, 10% 이상의 고효율을 가지는 고품질을 박막을 얻는 방법은 진공증발증착법과 selenization 방법뿐이다. 이 중 진공증발증착법에 의하여 형성된 박막을 이용하여 가장 높은 효율의 태양전지를 얻을 수 있으나, 진공 장비의 대면적화가 힘들기 때문에 대면적 태양전지 제조가 힘들다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 selenization 방법을 이용하여 CuInSe2 박막을 제조하는 것이 가장 유망한 방법이라 할 수 있다. Selenization 방법은 Cu-In 금속층을 제작한 뒤 이를 selenium과 반응을 시키는 방법이다. 따라서 이 방법을 이용하여 박막을 제조할 때는 Cu-In 금속층의 물성 조절이 이후 생성되는 CuInSe2 박막의 물성향상에 필수적이다. 따라서 Cu-In 금속층의 물성에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 Cu-In 이 성분계에서 알려진 반가 없다. 저온에서는 반응속도론적으로 매우 느리게 반응이 일어나기 때문에 열역학적으로 안정한 상을 얻기가 힘들기 때문이다. 따라서 본 실험에 앞서 각 제조 조건에 따른 열역학적인 안정상을 계산하였다. 그 결과, 상온에서 Cu의 양이 증가함에 따라, In$\longrightarrow$CuIn2$\longrightarrow$Cu11In9$\longrightarrow$Cu7In3 상으로 변화하였다. 9$0^{\circ}C$이하의 온도에서는 CuIn2 상이 안정하였고, 10$0^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 Cu11In9 상 두 가지로 존재하였고, Cu/In 인가전력비를 변화시켰을 때 조성비가 선형적으로 변하였다. 즉, Cu-In 동시스퍼터링법은 원하는 조성을 간편한 방법으로 정확하게 조절할 수 있는 방법이라 할 수 있다. 증착 온도를 변화시켰을 때는 9$0^{\circ}C$ 이하의 낮은 온도에서 존재하던 CuIn2 상이 10$0^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서는 완전히 사라지고 In과 CuIn2 상이 사라지고 In 상과 Cu11In9 상이 나타났다. 상전이를 위하여 30$0^{\circ}C$의 높은 열처리 온도가 필요한 것은, 밀 저온 안정상이 형성된 뒤 각 원소들의 확산에 의해 상전이가 일어나기 때문에 이를 위한 충분한 열에너지를 가질 수 있는 온도가 필요하기 때문이다. 조성을 일정하게 유지하면서 챔버 압력을 변화시켰을 때는 형성되는 상의 미세구조난 결정성은 일정하였다. 인가전력, 증착온도, 챔버 압력 변화에 따른 상변화는 앞서 계산한 열역학적 결과와 정확히 일치하였다. 이는 동시스퍼터링 방법이 각 입자들을 원소 단위에서 균일하게 혼합할 수 잇는 방법이고, 또 입자들이 높은 에너지를 가지고 있기 때문이다. 즉, 원소 단위에서 균일한 반응을 하고, 가장 안정한 위치로 쉽게 이동할 수 있기 때문에 열역학적으로 안정한 상을 형성할 수 있는 것이다.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-138
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• 2017

It is necessary to examine how operation and management of instruction in school field be affected by the curriculum. This study examines the actual conditions of instruction provided by teachers while expecting to be adjusted the curriculum with respect to the consideration given to individual student needs and regional specialization by focusing on the subject of mathematics. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to assess and expect how well mathematics instruction would be being conducted in accordance with the goals of the curriculum. Furthermore, while reflecting the experimental result on teachers' opinions of the previous curriculum, this study suggests alternatives and supporting plans so that at the teacher level the curriculum might be successfully implemented.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.600-608
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• 2016

This paper proposes a new high-efficient interleaved phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) converter for low-voltage and high-current power systems. The proposed converter is composed of three switch-bridges and two transformers in the primary side and two rectifiers in the secondary side. Each transformer handles half of the total power with an interleaved operation, so that the proposed converter has high system reliability, as much as the conventional interleaved PSFB converter. The soft-switching characteristics of the proposed converter are better than those of the conventional converter due to the modulated primary side configuration. The proposed converter represents a single lagging-leg bridge, which has a poor soft switching condition in its operation, while the conventional converter has two lagging-leg bridges in its operation. Therefore, the number of switches having hard-switching conditions is reduced by half in the proposed converter. In addition, the reduced switch counts in the primary side of the proposed converter helps decrease the complexity of the proposed converter compared to that of the conventional converter. The operational principle and analysis are presented in this paper and the characteristics are verified using a PSIM simulation with 3kW server power specification.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2002

System developments by components are accomplished by creating new software based on independent components having respective function. Generally, component-based software developments are expected to obtain profits caused by reuse of software, such as improvement of quality, rapid development, and efficiency of maintenance. In a component-based system, the most important goal and also key to success is to identify and construct high quality components that may increase reusability. Therefore, it is necessary for component developers to understand strong and weak points of existing component development methodologies in the aspect of identification of component, and to select the most appropriate methodology for the system to be constructed. It is also necessary for component developers to develop a new methodology enabling effective identification of independent components through modification and/or complementation of existing methodologies. The modification and complementation needs comparison and analysis of various existing methodologies. Accordingly, the this paper is to provide explanation for some widely used methodologies representing the existing component-based software development methodologies such as RUP(Rational Unified Process) of Rational company［1,9］, CBD96 of Computer Associates company［2,3］, UNIFACE of Compuware company［5］, and UML components methodology derived from extending of the component developing method of CBD96 by Cheesman and Daniels［4］. The this paper is also to point out respective problems of the representative existing methodologies. Furthermore, component identification methodologies are compared and analyzedon the whole through this paper.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.359-366
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop and verify the smart human resource management (HRM) program in a large scale greenhouse. HRM program delivers detailed work orders to workers and gathers work results by mobile phone application. Greenhouse managers can monitor the workload, work speed, quality of employee by HRM program and can analyse performance easily. Greenhouse Managers can set the work speed including 'twisting', 'trimming' and 'harvesting' in a greenhouse. It makes planning work schedule and assigns resources to each specific job easier. Therefore, the manager can arrange the number of employees to promote work performance and also easy to estimate the labor shortage. Greenhouse managers can evaluate the adequacy of the number of employees through job performance analysis by period and adjusts the supply/demand ratio of regular and non-regular employees. The HRM program can improve work efficiency by announcing the real-time work performance of all employees on a monitor screen to induce competition among workers and re-educate unripe employees who accomplish behind average to improving work skills.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.104-113
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• 2019

Construction dispute about Extension of Time are complexly intertwined with various issues. The duration delay analysis defines the impact the issue has on the duration variation. And The international court and the arbitrator use the results of the analysis as a basis for reasonable duration judging. However, most of the domestic Construction sites have not established a business process for Extension of Time litigation. Therefore, Analysis data are collected after the occurrence of the dispute, there is not enough basic data of analysis almost. This study sought to improve the management efficiency by organizing information requirement for delay analysis and suggesting a reasonable business process. As a result of applying the proposed process to actual construction duration extension disputes, about 33% of practitioners, 46% of contractors, and 48% of legal advisors were satisfied with the process application site And Matrix validation was 91% identical. This study suggests that it is possible to increase the efficiency of the construction duration analysis work used as a basis in the construction dispute. Finally, the Computer based system design for this process should continue in the future.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.29-43
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• 2019

The calibration of microscopic traffic simulation models has received much attention in the simulation field. Although no standard has been established for it, a genetic algorithm (GA) has been widely employed in recent literature because of its high efficiency to find solutions in such optimization problems. However, the performance still falls short in simulation analyses to support fast decision making. This paper proposes a new calibration procedure using a dual GA and central composite design (CCD) in order to improve the efficiency. The calibration exercise goes through three major sequential steps: (1) experimental design using CCD for a quadratic response surface model (RSM) estimation, (2) 1st GA procedure using the RSM with CCD to find a near-optimal initial population for a next step, and (3) 2nd GA procedure to find a final solution. The proposed method was applied in calibrating the Gipps car-following model with respect to maximizing the likelihood of a spacing distribution between a lead and following vehicle. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a conventional calibration approach using a single GA was compared under both simulated and real vehicle trajectory data. It was found that the proposed approach enhances the optimization speed by starting to search from an initial population that is closer to the optimum than that of the other approach. This result implies the proposed approach has benefits for a large-scale traffic network simulation analysis. This method can be extended to other optimization tasks using GA in transportation studies.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2019

In the electric arc furnace process, the chemical energy such as the heat of oxidation reaction and the heat of carbon combustion etc. is consumed as 30% of the total input energy. In order to reduce $CO_2$ emission in EAF, it is necessary to decrease the use of electric power energy during scrap melting stage and increase the use of chemical energy. In general, when the carbon materials is individually charged into the molten steel, the carbon materials floated to the slag layer due to low density before it is dissolved in molten steel. When the concentration of carbon in the molten steel is high, the combustion energy of carbon by oxygen injection can lower the electric power energy and improve the chemical energy consumption. Therefore, an efficient charging methods of carbon material is required to increase the efficiency of carbon combustion heat. On the other hand, Al-dross, which is known as a by-product after Al smelting, includes over 25 mass% of metallic Al, and the oxidation heats of Al is lager than that of carbon. However, the recycling ratio fo Al-dross was very low and is almost landfilled. In order to effectively utilize the heats of oxidation of Al in Al-dross, it is necessary to study the application of Al-dross in the steel process. In this study, the dissolution efficiency of carbon and aluminum in molten steel was investigated by varying the reaction temperature and the mixing ratios of coke and Al-dross.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2021

According to IMO, MASS is defined as a vessel operated at various levels independent of human interference. The safety navigation support service for MASS is designed to improve the safety and efficiency of MASS by developing public services on shore for ship arrivals/departures and for cargo handling. The safety navigation support service consists of a total of six types of services: autonomous operation, berthing/unberthing/mooring, cargo handling and ship arrival/departure service, PSC inspection, condition monitoring, and accident response support services. In order to support accident response service, the relative importance of a bridge navigational equipment was assessed by stratifying the navigation system to provide safe and efficient support services by objective judgment through specific and quantitative methods using AHP, one of decision-making methods used by an expert group. The survey was conducted by dividing the bridge navigational equipment into depth, location, and speed information. As a result of applying the AHP method, the importance of depth, location, and speed information was assessed. The relative importance of each equipment for providing location information was also assessed in order of Radar, DGPS, ECDIS, Gyro compass, Autopilot, and AIS. This was similar to survey results on the utilization of each operator's preference and its impact on marine accidents.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.210-217
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• 2022

In this paper, a study is conducted on the acceptable tolerance of an alignment device to reduce the optical loss caused by the alignment tolerance of a window hermetic optical connector. To increase the transmission distance of optical signals and fiber-optic communication systems, it is necessary to maintain and improve the high optical efficiency of the connectors used to bond optical fibers. In the case of the window hermetic optical connector, the optical system is aligned through an alignment device. At this time, since the two connectors are used together, each component is fixed, and further alignment is impossible. The alignment tolerance of the housing system and pin used to align the optical system of the connector causes optical loss, leading to serious problems in the fiber-optic communication system. Thus, to find the acceptable tolerance required for manufacturing the optical-connector alignment device, tolerance analysis is performed on the components of the optical connector, such as the ball lens and the window. We also implement single-mode and multimode optical-connector systems, respectively. Based on the results, we determine an acceptable tolerance value for the alignment device.