• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1973

A method for acid-hydrolysis of agricultural wastes and its utilization was investigated. In order to obtain fermentable sugar solution from cellulosic wastes such as cereal straws and hulls, in particular, of rice, barley and wheat, the chemical compositions were analyzed and optimum conditions of hydrolysis determined. The cereal straws contain 42 to 55 % of crude cellulose including hemicellulose. On the hydrolysis with 1% of sulfuric acid at 40 psig, 35.6% of the reducing sugar based on the weight of dry matter was formed from rice straw, (variety Chinheung) in 30 min. More powerful condition of hydrolysis would appear to decompose the sugar formed into other compounds, for instance, furfural. Under atmospheric pressure with 5% of the acid, rice straw was hydrolyzed to 35% of reducing sugar content in 3 hours. Candida utilis could assimilate the sugars in the hydrolyzate up to more than 97%, and a yield of the yeast cells reached 55% to the utilized sugars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 1989

오늘날의 청주(淸酒)는 SAKE라는 이름으로 일본(日本)을 대표(代表)하는 술로 여겨지고 있으나 사실 일본식(日本式) 청주(淸酒)의 제법(製法)도 결국(結局)은 우리나라에 그 근원을 두고 있다. 오늘날의 청주(淸酒)는 우리의 술 빚는 법이 일본(日本)으로 전래된 후, 일본(日本)에서 잘 다듬어져 다시 우리나라에 상륙(上陸)한 것으로 現在의 청주(淸酒)의 근본도 그 뿌리는 백제를 비롯한 우리나라에 있음은 주지할 만한 사실이다. 그러나 우리 고유의 술빚는 법이 체계적으로 정리되지 못하고 사라져 버린데에는 우리의 전통사상의 일부인 과학, 기술 노동을 천시하는 풍조와 술빚는 일을 특히 여성의 전유물로 여겨 양조법의 정립이 이루어지지 못한 것도 큰 이유라 하겠다. 자가용(自家用)으로만 사용되던 주조(酒造)에서 탈피하여 공업적(工業的)인 규모의 청주생산은 1883년 1월 후꾸다라는 일본인이 부산에 세운 공장을 시초로, 1917년 현 백화양조의 전신이라 할 수 있는 조선주조주식회사 설립으로 본격화되었다. 우리의 전통청주(약주)는 곡류와 누룩을 이용하여 빚는데, 누룩은 밀기울을 잘 다져서 장기간에 걸쳐 제조하며, 누룩에는 당화효소를 분비하는 곰팡이류와 알콜발효를 할 수 있는 효모류가 함께 부착되어 있다. 따라서 호화시킨 곡류와 누룩을 함께 넣어서 술을 빚게되면 당화와 발효가 동시에 일어나게 된다. 일본식 청주도 Koji라 불리는 국(麴)을 제조하는 것을 달리할 뿐 우리 전통청주와 제법의 맥락은 같다. Koji는 찐쌀에 곰팡이류를 인위적으로 접종하여 배양한 것으로, 결국 당과용 효소를 얻는다는 것은 누룩과 같은 원리이나 곰팡이균을 분리하여 접종하는 것이 다르다. 한국의 청주판매 현황을 보면 80년대 초반 급격한 감소추세를 보였으나, 업계가 적극적인 판촉활동을 벌임과 동시에 새로운 TYPE의 냉청주(冷淸酒)를 개발하여 여름철이 비수기였던 시장 상황을 완전히 깨뜨려 사계절의 주류로 만드므로서 뚜렷한 회복, 증가추세로 바꾸었다. 앞으로 좀더 잘 다듬어지고 현대 이미지에 맞는 청주가 지속적으로 등장하여야 하며, 결국 이러한 민족고유의 맛이 가미된 청주 TYPE의 주류가 우리나라를 대표하는 국주로까지 발전할 수 있으리라 확신한다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1987

The studies on the screening and properties of Raw Starch Saccharifying Microorganism were as follows;Apotent mold strain was selected and screened to digest raw starch, which was classified as a strain of Aspergillus sp. SN-871. The crude enzyme production was maximized when grown on wheat bran media for 5 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.0. The stable range of pH was 2 to 5.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2008

Currently, natural food colorants and preservatives are being used for their general health benefits. Monascus koji, the product of certain fungi that grow on rice grains, has been added to many foods for coloring and preservation. In this study, the antimicrobial activities of Monascus koji ethanol extracts were investigated. Six Monascus strains (M. araneosus KFRI 00371, M. kaoliang ATCC 46597, M. pilosus IFO 4520, M. purpureus IFO 4482, M. ruber IFO 32318 and M. sp. ATCC 16437) were selected based on their relative intensity of red pigment. Two Monascus extracts, M. kaoliang ATCC 46597 and M. purpureus IFO 4482, displayed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium in concentration-dependent manners. The two extracts showed their strongest antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium, a cause of food poisoning. Therefore, these results suggest that Monascus koji could be used as a natural food colorant and preservative.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize fungal deteriogens, which induce discoloration of the cement tunnel, and calcite forming bacteria (CFBs), which have antifungal activity against fungal deteriogens. Isolation of mold, bacteria and yeast was performed using several solid media and partially identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS); 5.8S rRNA gene sequencing and 16s rDNA sequencing. A total of 19 microbial strains were identified with the most widely distributed fungal strain being Cladospirum sphaerospermum. In addition, five bacteria derived from the tunnel were identified as CFBs. Amongst the latter, Bacillus aryabhatti KNUC205 exhibited antifungal activity against Cladospirum sphaerospermum KNUC253 and Aspergillus niger KCTC6906 as concentrated filtered supernatants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.346-351
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the rheological properties of bread doughs containing flour-ferments prepared with seed mash obtained by Koji incubation, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria, using farinograph, extensograph, amylograph, and large scale-dough mixer. According to farinograph, the addition of the flour-ferments did not influence the water-absorption rate of doughs, regardless of the kinds of flour-ferments, however, it increased development time and decreased stability of doughs. According to extensograph, both dough resistance and resistance-to-extensibility ratio increased with the addition of flour-ferments. Especially the dough containing the flour-ferments prepared with seed mash, S. cerervisiae, and L. brevis showed the highest resistance-to-extensibility ratio. According to amylograph, although the doughs containing the flour-ferments did not show the differences in gelatinization temperature and temperature at maximum viscosity with the control which does not contain the flour-ferments, they showed lower maximum viscosity than the control. They also showed lower development value and faster development time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.933-942
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• 2003

CoenzymeQ is a quinone derivative with a long isoprenoid side chain. It transports electrons in the respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. It also functions as an antioxidant. Saccharomyces cerevisine coq mutants, that are deficient coenzyme Q biosynthesis fail to aerobically grow. They are not able to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, such as glycerol, either The putative $coq^{-7}$ gene involved in coenzyme Q biosynthesis of Neurospora crassa was cloned and used for complementation of S. cerevisiae coq7 mutant. The predicted amino acid sequence of N. crassa COQ7 showed about 58% homology with Coq7p of S. cerevisiae. The growth rate of S. cerevisiae $coq^7$ mutant transformed with the N. crassa $coq^{-7}$ gene was restored to the wild-type level. The complemented 5. cerevisiae strain was able to grow with glycerol as a sole carbon source and showed less sensitivities to linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 1981

The growth rate of yeast population (Saccharomyces uvarum) cultivated in the Knopp's modified medium (plus various carbon sources) appeared the highest value when the Knopp's minimal medium was treated to 1.5% with disaccharide such as maltose and sucrose. Also the treatment of lactose and raffinose resulted in polulation growth as to the population size in case of maltose and sucrose. However, the gorwth of yeast was not occurred at all when a polysaccharide, such as inulin, was added as carbon source. The growth from of yeast population in Knopp's modified medium are characterized by the fact that log phase continued 100hrs after inoculation and that stationary state phase appeared in general 250hrs after inoculation. Applying the various carbon sources to respiration substrate for yeast cell, the respiration rate of yeast showed the highest value in treatment of maltose and followed in order of raffinose, lactose, glucose, and sucrose. Determined the amount of poly-phosphate and turn over pathway of poly-phosphate according to culture phase of yeast, it is revealed that the yeast synthesized 3 types of poly phosphate (poly-P A,B, and C) and postulated that turn over pathway of poly-phosphate as follows ; Inorganic phosphate is converted into each kind of polyphosphates, and then one part of poly-P-C is converted into poly-P-B, the rest poly-p-C and poly-P-B are converted into poly-P-A. The synthesized poly-phosphate is considered to have a role as energy pool utilizing to synthesis of cellular organic materials. Of the 13 carbon sources used in this experiment, the useful carbon sources for biosynthesis of poly-phosphate and cellular organic materials are confirmed as disaccharide (maltose and sucrose) as well as glucose. Protein synthesis in yeast cell showed the two peaks on 6th and 8th day after inoculation ; nucleic acid on 2nd day (48hrs), carbohydrates on 2nd day (48hrs), and phospholipid on 2nd and 8th day after inoculation, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.241-248
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• 2000

포도는 전세계에서 널리 소비되는 과실로 포도 과피에 존재하는 천연색소인 flavonoid는 혈중 콜레스테롤 함량 저하, 항알러지성, 항암성, 항바이러스성, 항염성의 생리적 기능이 있다고 알려져 있다. 최근에 들어와 이들 과실주스 가공에 열처리를 최소화하는 살균방법으로 자연 그대로의 영양성분, 맛과 향기 개선을 위한 초고압 처리에 관한 연구가 폭넓게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 주스에서 문제가 되고 있는 ethanolic spoilage 균주인 S. cerevisiae의 초고압 살균 효과와 세포 구조적 형태를 연구하였다. 1.2$\times$$10^{6}$ cfu/ml의 S. cerevisiae를 포도주스에 접종하고 24시간 배양하여 멸균한 high barrier주머니에 20m1씩 넣고 2$0^{\circ}C$ 에서 200-600 MPa 조건으로 0-20분 동안 초고압 장치로 실시하였다. 생균수는 YM agar로 poured 방법으로 실시하였으며 200 MPa에서 5, 10, 15, 20분 후의 생균수는 각각 2.2$\times$$10^{7}$ , 4.5$\times$$10^4$, 2.8$\times$$10^4$, 9.8$\times$$10^3$, 9.5$\times$$10^3$cfu/ml로 tailing 현상을 관찰하였고, 400 MPa에서 5분 후 급격하게 감소하였다. S. cerevisiae의 사멸속도는 초고압 처리가 높을수록 증가했으며 세포 손상도는 압력과 처리시간이 길수록 증가하였다. 이들 조건에 따른 효모 세포의 구조적 관찰을 scanning electron microscopy와 electron microscopy로 하였다. S. cerevisiae 세포는 압력에 의한 pinhole, surface roughening을 발견하였고, 세포 내부의 세포질, 액포, 핵 손상과 세포질 물질들이 압력에 의하여 세포벽으로 이동하여 내부가 비어있는 현상을 관찰하였다.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 1985

A potent mold strain was selected to digest raw starch, which was classified as a strain of Rhizopus of zoe. Its amylase production was maximized when grown on wheatbran media for 3 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and initial pH 4. The crude enzyme was tested for ethanol fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 7026, on various starchymaterials and the ethanol production after 4 days was: 9.4％ from rice powder, 9％ from corn powder, 8.1％ from sweet potato powder, and 5.4％ from potato powder, respectively.