• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.319-330
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• 2022

Andong is a place to culture the great amount of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Korea. This study reports a yearly occurrence (March 31~October 25, 2021) of thrips infesting the hot pepper in Andong. Thrips caught to yellow sticky traps were diagnosed by morphological characters and showed two dominant species: Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa. During this period, a total of 107,874 thrips were caught and included F. occidentalis at about 82%, F. intonsa at about 17%, and the other thrips at about 0.3%. There were two main peaks at May~June and at September~October, respectively, in which the total number of thrips was higher in the second peak and most were F. occidentalis. Interestinly, a low level of thrips occurred during July~August was observed and explained by their susceptibility to high temperatures. A laboratory experiment by exposing thrips to high temperatures showed that thrips were susceptible to temperatures higher than 35℃ and not tolerant to 45℃ for 1 h. Indeed, high temperatures higher than 45℃ were recorded in the greenhouses in Andong during July~August. F. occidentalis was more tolerant to the high temperatures than F. intonsa. On the other hand, the thrips showed the highest occurrence peak at July~August in hot pepper-culturing greenhouse in Kangwon, where the average temperatures were mostly lower than those of Andong and no high temperatures higher than 45℃ were recorded during July~August. A viral disease caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was observed in the hot peppers cultured in Andong greenhouses. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the virus along with identification of thrips. With a high record of about 30%, the virus-infected thrips were detected during all the monitoring period. The virulent thrips were identified to be only F. intonsa. These results suggest that F. occidentalis gives a direct damage especially during harvesting period with their high populations while F. intonsa gives indirect damage by transmitting TSWV.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

Roadside pollution has been identified as the main cause of PM_2.5 in urban areas. Green infrastructure has been understood to mitigate air pollution from roadside traffic effectively, but complication depend on environmental variables. This study aimed to investigate the characteristic of PM_2.5 by the type of space in an urban park located in Songsanghyeon Plaza, surrounded by a 12-lane road on all sides. Type of space was typically classified as roadside square (A), sunken square (B), a mix of trees and hedges/shrubs (C), trees only (D), and grass square (E) according to the land-use type and layers of trees. PM_2.5 was measured for nine days, three days for three different Air Quality Forecasts-Good level (0~15㎍/m³), Moderate level (16~35㎍/m³), and Unhealthy level (36~75㎍/m³). The analysis result was as follows. At good levels, there was statistical significance in the order of D, E < B, C < A. In the case of moderate levels and unhealthy levels, D and E were statistically lower than other land-use types. The characteristic of PM_2.5 in the urban park by type of space was affected by atmospheric flow into the road. The relatively high concentration of A and C was located near the roads. Although B was far away from the road, the reason for the high concentration of PM_2.5 was that no structures blocked the air pollution. Thanks to the type of space C, filtering the air pollution from the roads, the concentration of PM_2.5 in D and E was relatively low.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2022

Our aim was to reduce estimation errors of a wind velocity model used as an early warning system for weather risk management in the agricultural sector. The Rural Development Administration (RDA) agricultural weather observation network's wind velocity data and its corresponding estimated data from January to December 2020 were used to calculate linear regression equations (Y = aX + b). In each linear regression, the wind estimation error at 87 points and eight time slots per day (00:00, 03:00, 06:00, 09.00, 12.00, 15.00, 18.00, and 21:00) is the dependent variable (Y), while the estimated wind velocity is the independent variable (X). When the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.5, the regression equation was used as the wind velocity correction equation. In contrast, when the correlation coefficient was less than 0.5, the mean error (ME) at the corresponding points and time slots was substituted as the correction value instead of the regression equation. To enable the use of wind velocity model at a national scale, a distribution map with a grid resolution of 250 m was created. This objective was achieved b y performing a spatial interpolation with an inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique using the regression coefficients (a and b), the correlation coefficient (R), and the ME values for the 87 points and eight time slots. Interpolated grid values for 13 weather observation points in rural areas were then extracted. The wind velocity estimation errors for 13 points from January to December 2019 were corrected and compared with the system's values. After correction, the mean ME of the wind velocities reduced from 0.68 m/s to 0.45 m/s, while the mean RMSE reduced from 1.30 m/s to 1.05 m/s. In conclusion, the system's wind velocities were overestimated across all time slots; however, after the correction model was applied, the overestimation reduced in all time slots, except for 15:00. The ME and RMSE improved b y 33% and 19.2%, respectively. In our system, the warning for wind damage risk to crops is driven by the daily maximum wind speed derived from the daily mean wind speed obtained eight times per day. This approach is expected to reduce false alarms within the context of strong wind risk, by reducing the overestimation of wind velocities.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.11-46
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• 2022

This study was carried out to examine vascular plants and invasive alien plants in Gyodong Island, located at the northwestern Civilian Control Line (CCL) of Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, and to use them as basic data for systematic management of identified plants and establishing biodiversity conservation measures. The survey was conducted 13 times from April 2019 to August 2021. The vascularflora in Gyodong Island was identified as 109 families, 378 genera, 641 species, 15 subspecies, 49 variants, 8 forma, a total of 713 taxa. This was found to be about 15.36% of the total 4,641 taxa of vascular plants in Korea. The northern linage plants on the Korean Peninsula appearing in the Gyodong Island area were identified in 83 classification groups, including Red-based leaf edge (Carex erythrobasis H.Lev. & Vaniot). Korea endemic plants were identified as 16 taxa such as Seoul wild-ginger [Asarum heterotropoides var. seoulense (Nakai) Kitag.], and a total of 20 taxa of rare plants designated by IUCN were observed, including the endangered grade Beardless iris (Iris ruthenica Ker Gawl.). Floristic target species were classified with a total of 99 taxa. For V grade, Beardless iris 1 taxon was found. and also IV grade and III grade were identified in 8 taxa and 20 taxa respectively. The invasive alien plants identified as 75 taxa, such as Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney. The naturalization rate was 10.51%, and the urbanization index was calculated as 23.29%. Since large-scale construction has been currently underway on Hwagae Mt. in Gyodong Island as the target of survey area, the influx of invasive plants will be expected to promote. Therefore, it is urgent to establish in-situ protection and conservation measures for notable plants such as Beardless iris and Water smartweed [Persicaria amphibia (L.) S.F.Gray].

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2022

Many elementary school teachers' lack of scientific knowledge reveal as several problems in teaching science. Thus, elementary school teachers need to improve their scientific knowledge, but there is the limit to improve the teachers' scientific knowledge through activities based on lecture that conducted in process of training and retraining them. Therefore, Improvement for training science teacher to improve scientific knowledge of elementary school teachers would be searched in this study. Depth interview was conducted toward three elementary school teachers, who had conducted action research, to improve content knowledge of material domain within teaching process and elementary school science. Based on result of the interview, difficulty and development that the three teachers were commonly experienced in process of conducting scientific inquiry in action research were analyzed. One of the difficulties of the inquiry were to figure out how the three teachers, who participated in the interview, understand specific concept, what they do not understand, and what they should study more to understand the concept. And there was a circumstance that the teachers did not know how to apply procedural knowledge, which learned explicitly in the process of setting plan for conducting research, into real context. Since there was difference between knowledge that they understand disjunctively and context that observed in real circumstance, they faced difficulty. However, the teachers conducted analysis of topic, planning research, conducting research, discussion of the result by themselves with those difficulties Thus, the teachers mentioned that not only content knowledge had been improved, but understanding of procedural knowledge, which is not intended to improve, had been also improved. Besides, they also mentioned that comprehensive understanding content knowledge, which they already understood, was also helpful. And the teachers suggest that if there were chance to discuss and examine the scientific practices by consisting of group with colleagues rather than conducting it individually it would more efficient studying. Considering their suggestion, direction of training elementary school teachers for improving their scientific knowledge should be improved in a way to understand science concepts based on direct research about context that is generated in circumstance of studying group of the teachers. Consequently, it would contribute to improvement of teaching science by combining teachers' practice and understanding.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.70
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• pp.207-238
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• 2022

Faith education focuses on 'changing the direction of life' that pursues the life of Christ. This is possible only when the message of the Bible is embodied in life, not by accumulating biblical knowledge. Today, however, faith education does not allow biblical messages to be embodied in life. This is the result of focusing on knowing the Bible itself, instead of guiding the faith education to meet the Bible and the experience of human life. Church education emphasized the inner faith of individuals rather than changes in life and practice, preparing for the afterlife, and mostly for the training and quantitative growth of the church. As a result, in the COVID-19 era, Protestants showed an immature appearance that only cared about the safety of the church, and social trust in Protestants was lost. Therefore, faith education should educate what life of the Bible and the experiences of the learner will meet and respond to God in order for the Bible's message to be realized in life. I tried to find out how to prepare for this faith education in detail. So I would like to look at "The preparation process for religious classes related to experience" compiled by the German Protestant Lutheran Bavarian Presbyterian Church and present tasks for application to the Korean Church. Preparation for experience-related religious classes consists of five courses. It is a personal meeting, a theological orientation, a pedagogical orientation, a pedagogical decision, and a summary of the progress plan. The main purpose of this process is to learn how biblical believers interpreted their experiences in life from the perspective of faith and tried to overcome the problem. Faith education related to experience deals with the essence of faith education, not one of the Bible teaching methods. Although the field of education is in the social change of expanding from the real world to the virtual world, the essential nature of faith education cannot change. Therefore, research and application of faith education related to experience in Korean churches will help the biblical message to be embodied in Christian life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.746-752
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• 2022

Kiribati, a South Pacific island, and its surrounding countries are gradually submerging to rising sea levels. The sea level continues to change according to the degree of thermal expansion of glaciers and seawater that decreases with increase in temperature. Global warming affects both the amount and volume of seawater, thus increasing sea level. Tidal phenomena occur twice a day to the attraction of celestial bodies such as the moon and the sun. The moon changes the angle of orbiting surface with the Earth equator every 18.6 years, and the magnitude of the tidal force changes depending on the distance between the Earth equator and the moon orbital surface. The University of Hawaii Sea Level Center selected Tarawa, Christmas, Kanton of Kiribati,, Lautoka, Suva of Fiji,Funafuti of Tuvalu, Nuk1u'alofa of Tonga, and Port Vila of Vanuatu. When comparing tide levels for each year for 19 years, the focus was on checking the change in sleep to Tide levels, and rising sea levels was the effect of Tide levels. The highest astronomical tides (HAT) and lowest astronomical tides (LAT) were identified as Tarawa 297.0, 50.8 cm, Christmas 123.8, 19.9 cm, Kanton 173.7, 39.9 cm, Lautoka 240.7, 11.3 cm, Funafuti 328.6, 98.4 cm, Nuk1u'alofa 188.8, 15.5 cm, Port Vila 161.5, -0.5cm, respectively. The Sea level rising speed was Tarawa 3.1 mm/year, Christmas -1.0 mm/year, Kanton 1.6 mm/year, Lautoka 3.1 mm/year, Suva 7.4 mm/year, Funafuti 1.4 mm/year, Nuk1u'alofa 4.2 mm/year, and Port Vila -1.2 mm/year, respectively

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1984

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate the selection efficiency for clear rice by the application of the wx-carrier technique in rice. Twelve semi-dwarf waxy lines were bred through backcrosses to the two recurrent semi-dwarf parents, IR667 and IR1317, utilizing six different waxy cultivars as waxy donor parent. These waxy lines were crossed to three clear non-waxy varieties, IR24, Suweon 287 and Suweon294. Their F$_3$ seeds were separated into waxy and non-waxy and the clearness of non-waxy grains were counted. The results are summarized as follows: l. Mean clearness per plant for twelve waxy lines ranged from 3.7% to 78.9% at the 35 days after heading. It was higher in the lines which utilized IR 1317 as recurrent parent and it was lower in the lines which utilized IR667 as recurrent parent. Mean clearness per plant for recurrent parent, IRl317 and IR667 were 47.6% and 5.6% respectively. The clear non-waxy parents; Suweon287, IR24 and Suweon294 showed 83.7% 80.5% and 73.5% clearness respectively. 2. Mean clearness of F$_3$ seeds of the crosses between different waxy parents and IR24, Suweon 294 and Suweon 287 ranged 16.7-73.9%, 21.9-42.9% and 10.6-26.9%, respectively. IR24 crosses showed the highest mean clearness. 3. Highly positive correlation was found between the clearness of F$_3$ seeds of Suweon 287 crosses and those of Suweon294. 4. Significant differences were observed in mean clearness of F$_3$ seeds of the crosses between the different waxy lines, which was bred through the same number of backcrosses to the same recurrent parent, and a clear non-waxy parent. Crosses of IR1317 recurrent parent showed higher mean clearness than those of IR667 recurrent parent. 5. In some crosses, clearness was higher in homo-non-waxy than in hetero-non-waxy, but, in other crosses it was higher in hetero-non-waxy. Thus no distinct pattern in the segregation of clearness was observed along the homo-non-waxy or hetero-non-waxy. 6. From the results it was concluded that, the selection efficiency for the clear rice can be improved by choosing the proper waxy parent, as well as proper recurrent parent under the wx-carrier technique.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.224-233
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• 1987

Most of the japonica rice varieties preferred for high eating quality are liable to lodging even under moderate rate of nitrogen application. This lodging liability has been a critical limit even for proper evaluation of physio-logical characteristics of those varieties exhibitable under higher nitrogen levels. Use of recent inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis such as ‘Pac1obutrazol’ may allow us to overcome this barrier. The responses of four high eating quality varieties to nitrogen application to the level of 150kg N per ha were evaluated with and without use of Paclobutrazol in comparison with a non-lodging, improved short japonica, Dongjin and a non-lodging, high yielding indica x japonica Milyang 23. The four were Damageum (the best eating quality in the 1930s), Nongrim 6 (the best in the 1960s), Chuchung (the best since 1970s), Koshihikari (the best in Japan since 1960s). As expected increased application of nitrogen increased plant height, length of the 3rd internode, and lodg-ing liability, being measured as culm breaking load, in all varieties tested and caused actual lodging in the fiel from the 50kg Nfha level in Damageum and Koshihikari and at the level of l50kg Nfha in Nongrim 6. Applica-tion of Pac1obutrazol (0.6%G) 15 days before heading reduced plant height, length of the 3rd internode and lodging liability being measured as culm breaking load in all varieties tested. However, the application of Pac1obutrazol during active tillering stage resulted in decreased culm breaking load in Damageum, Nongrim 6, and Koshihikari in spite of the decreased plant height and culm length as in the other varieties. Maximum yield was obtained with 100kg Nand 30kg Pac1obutrazol at 15 days before heading in Nongrim 6, 150kg N and 30kg Pac1obutrazol at 15 days before heading in Damageum, and 150kg N and 20kg Paclobutrazol at 20 days after transplanting plus 30kg Paclobutrazol at 15 days before heading in the variety Koshinhikari and Chuchung. Under a sensory evaluation of cooked rice, the four high eating quality varieties were not different in rank and Paclobutrazol treated rice was not distinguished from the untreated in eating quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.104-115
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• 1992

The rice culture techniques included 'Jodosukyungbeob'(旱稻水耕法 : culture techniques of early-ripening paddy rice), 'Mandosukyungbeob' (晩稻水耕法) : culture techniques of late-Ripening paddy rice 'Handobeob'(旱稻＆lt;山稻＆gt;法 : culture techniques of upland rice), 'Myojongbeob'(苗種法 : culture techniques of paddy rice by transplanting), 'Kunangbeob'(乾秧法 : culture techniques of rice by transplanting which rears seeding in dry paddy) and 'Sudogunpanongbeob'(水稻乾播農法 : culture techniques of paddy rice seeding in dry field). Especially, 'Kunangbeob' and 'Sudogunpanongbeob' were originally developed in Korea as seen in 1600s(Kyoungje : 經濟) and early 1800s (Yoji : 要旨). In 'Jodosukyungbeob' it took 9 days for seed dipping, water-sprouting and prevent damage by birds, each for 3 days in China, but in Korea seed dipping in water took 3 days and the rest of the procedures were flexibly established. In matured soils, practices were fall plowing right after harvest, recognition of effective tillering and additional fertilization use of human manure, and stimulation of sprouting by lime application. The unique culture techniques adequate for Korean situations were practiced, which included weed control after draining accurately for 3 to 4 times, draining at mid season for improving wind and drought tolerance, rice harvesting at appropriate time for preventing grain shattering, and seeding in rows. 'Mandosukyungbeob' was improved techniques contrast to those of China, and the major contents were selection of proper varieties, good stand establishment by seeding high rates, induction of vigorous tillers, and adoption of 'Jokjongbeob'(足種法 : seeding method by foot). Also, one of the most prominent rice cultures by our ancestors was 'Kunpanongbeob' that was systemized form habitual practice of Pyongan Province. The unique technique actualized was 'Hando [旱稻(山稻)]' culture technique which was the combinations of 'Jokjongbeob', root stimulation method, and disaster-tolerant mixture cropping with adoptation of variety theory, although it was originated from China. The transplanting techniques has come before 'Jikseol'($\ulcorner$直說$\lrcorner$) and its merits were sufficiently realized. However, this method was basically prohibited from the early Chosun dynasty because extremely bad harvest was expected under drought conditions and insufficient conditions of water storage. But, it was permitted in the areas that contained water all the times and in case of large-scale farming especially. Most of rice culture was transplanted in the end of the Chosun dynasty because transplanting was continuously spreaded in the three southern provinces of Korea. Under these circumstances, transplanting technique was improved from the early to the end of the Chosun dynasty by weed control, fertilizing, water management, and quadratic transplanting. Based on these techniques, agricultural productivity was improved 5 times by that time. 'Kunpanongbeob' was created and developed properly for Korean conditions that is dry in early season and flooding in late season. This was successively developed and established into transplanting technique of nursery seedling.