• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1997

Eight major trails of Soraksan National Park were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental edterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 188 points were significantly greater on the more heavily-used trail. Major deterioration types of trail were root-exposure, widening, rock-exposure, divergence in order of frequency. And trail conditions of edteriorated points were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The damaged area more severe than Class 4 on trail reached about 10,864m$^{2}$ in total, and especially about 4,560m$^{2}$ in the section between Huiunkak Shelter-Munomigogae trail. The dominant trees of trail edge vegetation were be Quercus mongolica in upper layer, but in lower lauer Carpinus laxiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii for valley and Carpinus laxiflora, Ghododendron mucronulatum var. cilatum, Tripterygium regelii for ridge.. Especially coverage and number of individuals was highest on Munomighgae-Taech'ongbong trail of the largest use of amount, and each trail was dissimilar in species composition of lower layer of edge vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trail deterioration conditions and to obtain the informations for the desirable maintenance and restoration of the trails in Woraksan National Park. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 111 points for 13.5km in length on the four access trails to Yeongbong which is the main peak of Woraksan. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail in Woraksan National Park is not reached the lev- el of grave concern yet, but the active counterplan to change over from the safety-centric facility station to the integrated and organized restoration aiming to natural environment conservation is urgently needed.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.193-206
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• 2013

The ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii is a marine bivalve mollusks belonging to the family Arcidae and important seafood for Korean and Japanese, and southern coast is brisk bays for the ark shell aquaculture. However, productivity of ark shell from these regions were rapidly reduced during the last decade due to mass mortality. The reason of this great damage has not yet been identified. To overcome this economic loss, diverse investigations were focused on environmental factors that affects in the physiology of S. broughtonii, but microbiological researches were performed insufficiently. Hemoglobin is one of the major blood component of ark shell and is damaged by some species of bacterial toxins. We concentrated on this red pigment because hemolysis could be the cause of ark shell mortality. In this study, we analyzed microbial diversity of underwater sediments in coastal regions and also existences in the body of S. broughtonii. We investigate about 4,200 isolates collected from June to September for microbial diversity of sediments and ark shell. We screened all of culturable microorganisms, and identified 25 genera 118 species, 24 genera 89 species, 30 genera 109 species and 39 genera 141 species, and selected 140 unique colonies for identification and challenge assay.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

Many trails have been built and utilized in each sub-basin of Apsan Park. This study focused on the conditions and the present flora of several overused trails within three basins called Kun-Gol, Anjiroung-Gol, and Meaja-Gol in Apsan Park. There are two purposes for this study. The first is to make a plan for restoration by classifying the type of damage to these overused trails. The second is to provide preliminary data for reestablishing a more pleasant urban nature park. As a result of the survey, the average length of these trails is 9.0km and mean width is 2.0 to 2.6m. 2,108m of the sections studied(23.4% of the total) had exposed root, 3,199m of the sections studied (35.5% of the total) had exposed rock, 3,270m of the sections studied(36.6% of the total) displayed damaged pathways, and 4,841m of the sections studied (53.8% of the total) had higher soil hardness. Eighty-three areas of deterioration were found and there has been extensive property destruction. As an indication of human disturbances, the Naturalization Index and Urbanization Index appeared as: Kun-Gol, 7.0%, 5.5%; Anjiroung-Gol, 8.3%, 4.5%; Meaja-Gol 8.6%, 6.2%; in total, 7.8%, 8.3%. As a method of checking the level and extent of the damage process, an impact rating classification was used at each point on the trails. Kun-Gol had the highest rating and Anjiroung-Gol had the lowest rating in impact rating classification. With the impact rating classification, it was found that each trail would continue to worsen, meaning that roots and rocks are more likely to be further exposed and the trail width will continue to widen through overuse. An actual plan for reparations and restoration of the trails is needed through further study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

This study was conducted for the evaluation of air-pollution using pear plant. Twenty-three sites around the Ulsan Industrial Complex Area were selected for the study. The water soluble sulfur content, photosynthetic rate and the visible injured index of pear leaves were evaluated and the results are summarized as follows: 1. Water-soluble sulfur content of pear leaves at survey sites was shown to be an average of 0.201%. The content of their leaves at polluted sites ranged from 0.220 to 0.496%. Water-soluble sulfur content of the pear leaves decreased as the distance became far from the Industrial Complex. 2. The photosynthetic rate of pear leaves decreased with an accumulation of water-soluble sulfur content. However it increased as the distance became greater within the five-kilometer radius of the pollutant. 3. More than 60% of injured rate was shown in pear plant within the five-kilometer radius of the pollutant in 1993. There were high correlations between the visible injured index items. Compared with 1988, the most severely injured sites in 1988 were Yochon-dong and Yaum-dong. But in 1993, they moved to the Yongcham-dong and Bugok-dong area. 4. Water-soluble sulfur content of pear leaves was correlated with the photosynthetic rate of pear leaves. The same tendency was shown between water-soluble sulfur and total injured index. This method using pear plant will be applied to the evaluation of air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 1986

Biochemical and histological effects of ozone gas (0.3 ppm) on rice plant were discussed. After ozone expoure, damage symptom, percentages of destroyed leaves, activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, and the contents of flavonoid, protein and sugar were examined on two rice varieties (Seokwangbyeo, Jinjubyeo), on tillering stage, and at different exposure time (0, 1, 3, 5 hr). The result were as followed. 1. The ozone-injured cell adjoining stomata become pigmented red-brown. 2. The percentage of injured leaves in Jinjubyeo was higher than that in Seokwangbyeo. 3. The activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase increased on ozone-injured leaves. 4. The peroxidase activity increased with time in Jinjubyeo compared to Seokwangbyeo. 5. Peroxidase isozyme spectrum was altered after ozone exposure. 6. The content of flavonoid and reducing sugar in the rice leaves was increased, but the contents of protein was reduced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate how the special protection area designations of degraded trails effect on the soil and vegetation recovery of degraded trails. The study areas were established on an opened trail and a 16-year closed trail, which was prohibited to enter after the designation as a special protection area for recovery, at Bukhansan National Park. Soil core sampling and measurements of vegetation cover were performed to compare soil and vegetation properties of the trails. Soil bulk density increased and soil water total nitrogen decreased on the opened trail, while no significant differences were found on bulk density, soil water, total nitrogen, acidity, and organic matter on the closed trail. On the opened trail, vegetation cover was seemed to be degraded, because vegetation litter cover ratio was low and barren rock cover ratio was high. On the closed trail, litter rock barren cover ratio of the closed trail was recovered, but only limited recovery was found on vegetation cover by applying environmental damage condition rating class. In conclusion, the closed trail was recovered by designation of special protection area, while difference in recovery progress of soil and vegetation was found. Therefore, designation of special protection area of degraded area should be based on scientific basis of recovery characteristics of the area. In order to improve the effectiveness of special protection area system, further specific standards for special protection area designation and management would be needed, considering ecological and social importance of target areas.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2023

Due to natural disasters such as heavy rain that occurred in the metropolitan area in August 2022, human casualties and property damage are increasing. Accordingly, the government is making efforts to respond to natural disasters, but due to the absence of related standards and standardized standards, problems such as increased construction costs and deterioration in construction quality for disaster prevention facility maintenance projects are occurring. Accordingly, a rough construction cost estimation module was developed and applied to 25 new pumping stations in Korea. As a result of the analysis, the accuracy of the rough construction cost derived through the module recorded 70% of the detailed design cost, which is 4% higher than the previously used rough construction cost accuracy of 66% by the Ministry of Environment. Accordingly, it is expected that the efficiency of the disaster prevention project can be increased if the developed module is used to calculate the rough construction cost for storm and flood disaster prevention in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

In Korea the number of forest fire occurrence and its damaged area have increased drastically and the plans for afforestation such as sound erosion control restoration and forestation have performed to restore for forest fire damaged area. In this study fire resistant forest was developed by selecting fire resistance tree species and applying GIS analysis, considering the characteristic of forest fire and location environment in forest fire damaged area along the east coast. Moreover, it showed the possibility of how spatial information technology such as virtual GIS could be applied during restoring forest fire damaged area and approaching landscape ecology researches. Especially the fire resistant forest was established by using GIS analysis against large scaled forest fires then the best forest arrangement was performed through this fire resistant forest species and 3D modeling in study area. In addition, the forest landscape was established through site index on passing years and then 3D topography and tracking simulation, which is very similar to real world, were constructed by using virtual GIS.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.279-284
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• 2015

The vibration happened at the revolution movement of driving shaft driven with the thrust of airplane affects the great influence on the life of the shaft. And a great loss of life is caused when the fatigue damage is occurred at the driving shaft during revolution. The chattering is occurred at the driving shaft placed at the various revolution due to the aviation environment. Therefore, the part of the driving shaft concerned about the fatigue damage is grasped through the analysis study in this paper. So, the durability to prevent damage can be improved and it is possible to be grafted onto the convergence technique on the basis of a recent safe design and show the esthetic sense.