• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2015

In a previous study, baekseolgi with xylitol or sucralose was comparable to baekseolgi with sugar in terms of all sensory characteristics. However, the hardness of sucralose baekseolgi increased considerably during storage while that of xylitol baekseolgi remained unchanged. To improve the physical limitations observed in sucralose baekseolgi, a combination of sucralose and xylitol were substituted for sugar when preparing baekseolgi (SL0~SL100, SLn; baekseolgi where sugar was replaced with n% sucralose and 100-n% xylitol based on relative sweetness to sugar). All SLn baekseolgi samples were not significantly different from sugar baekseolgi in terms of sensory properties. The moisture content was not different between sugar and xylitol baekseolgi (SL0), but decreased significantly as the amount of sucralose increased (P<0.01), which correlated with cohesiveness of baekseolgi. Texture profile analysis revealed that hardness of SLn baekseolgi increased without any noticeable change in moisture content after storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. In addition, the hardness after storage was the highest in sucralose baekseolgi (SL100), which was comparatively lower in SL0~SL80 containing xylitol presumably due to the hygroscopic characteristics of xylitol. In particular, SL20 was found to be comparable to sugar baekseolgi in terms of moisture and cohesiveness during storage. The results showed that the combination of xylitol and sucralose could be a potential sugar substitute in terms of not only sensory characteristics but also physicochemical properties.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.523-531
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• 2006

Background : Cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy is a very common disease with a similar incidence to pulmonary tuberculosis. Dendritic cells play a role of initial antigen presentation of this illness. Nevertheless, the precise role of these antigen-presenting cells according to the clinical features in unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical implication of dendritic cell infiltration in the cervical lymph nodes. Methods : A review of the clinical characteristics was carried out retrospectively based on the clinical records and radiography. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the available histology specimens of 72 cases using the S-100b polyclonal antibody for dendritic cells. The number of dendritic cells with tuberculous granuloma were determined. A $X^2$ test, unpaired T test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. Results : Thirty percent of subjects had previous or concurrent pulmonary TB. Twenty one percent of cases showed a positive reaction on the AFB stain. Within a granuloma, the number of infiltrated dendritic cells was $113.0{\pm}7.0$. The incidence of fever and cough decreased with increasing infiltration of dendritic cells Multivariate regression analysis showed that the infiltration of dendritic cells could significantly contribute to fever. Conclusion : Overall, dendritic cells can control a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and modulate the immune response, as well as resolve the clinical manifestations of TB lymphadenopathy.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.93-108
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• 1981

This investigation includes the sick soil phenomenon caused by the self-poisoning of Setaria italica, Sorghum nervosum, Zea mays and Miscanthus sinensis among Poaceae. It elucidates whether the poison is directly excreted from the root or the secondary product resulting from the decomposition in the soil; the effect of Miscantus sinensis on the germination and growth of other plants, and the effect of Zea mays grown between furrows to shade Angelica gigas on its growth. The results obtained are as follows; Supplied with the leakage water from the pots, in which the same plants as the test ones were grown, in anticipation of the poison to be directly excreted from their roots, Sataria itlaica and Zea mays exhibited the growth inhibition more than 30%, whereas Sorghum nervosum and Miscanthus sisnensis were not effected in growth at all. When cultivated in the soils mixed with the roots of the some plants as the test ones, in anticipation of the poison to be the secondary product resulting from the decomposition in soil, Setaria italica and Zea mays showd growth inhibition of more than 50%, which is greater than that of the case of the leakage water, and Miscanthus sinensis exhibited no inhibition either, whereas Sorghum nervosum in the 50% plot showed heavy growth inhibition of more than 80% to the case of the leakage water. The common or uncommon plants found easily in the group of Misscanthus scinenis were not affected by the extracts of the steam and leaves of Miscanthus sinensis in germination and growth. Supplied with the leakage water from the pots in which Miscanthus sinensis was grown, among Lespedeza crytobotrya, Oenothera odorata, Raphanus sativus val'. acarlthiformis, Zoysia japonica, Patrinia scabiosaefolia. which are easily found in the group of Miscanthus sinensis, only Patrinia scabiosaefolia was slightly inhibited in growth in the 100% plot, whereas the others did not show any inhibition at all. Mean while, Amaranthus patulus. Solanum nigrum, Capsella bursa-pastoris val'. triangularis, Alopecurus amurensis, Chenopodium album val'. centrorubrum, which could not be found in the group of Miscanthus sinensis, were all distinctly inhibited. In the experiment on the effect of Zea mays on the growth of Angelica gigas, its growth was severely inhibited by one-half to two thirds with the increased concentration in both the cases of growing in the mixture of the soil and the powdered root of Zea mays and being supplied with the leakage water from the pot in which Zea mays was grown.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2008

The lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes in tissues from Acanthogobius hasta were characterized by biochemical, immunochemical and kinetic methods. The activities of LDH in skeletal muscle and eye tissues were 65.30 and 53.25 units, but LDH activities in heart and liver tissues were very low. LDH/CS (EC 4.1.3.7, citrate synthase) in skeletal muscle was the highest as 22.29. Specific activities of LDH in brain, eye and skeletal muscle were 56.45, 38.04 and 11.0 units/mg, respectively. The LDH isozymes in tissues were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with antiserum against $A_4,\;B_4$ eye-specific $C_4$ and liver-specific $C_4$. LDH $AC_4$ isozymes were detected predominantly in skeletal muscle, brain and eye tissues, and $B_4$ isozyme was detected in heart. Anodal eye-specific $C_4$ and cathodal liver-specific $C_4$ were coexpressed in A. hasta. The eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme showed higher activity in eye tissue, but liver-specific $C_4$ isozyme showed lower activity in liver. As a result, one part of molecular structures in $A_4\;and\;C_4,\;A_4\;and\;B_4$, and eye-specific $C_4$ and liver-specific $C_4$ were similar, but in $B_4\;and\;C_4$ were different with each other. Therefore the subunit A may be conservative in evolution, and the evolution of subunit B seems to be faster than that of subunit A. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme of skeletal muscle was purified in the fraction from elution with NAD+ containing buffer of affinity chromatography and eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was eluted right after $A_4$, so the structure of eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme is similar to $A_4$. And LDH activity remained 35.22-43.47% as a result of the inhibition by pyruvate, the Michaelis-Menten constant values for pyruvate was 0.080-0.098 mM, and Vmax were 153.85 units, 35.09 units in skeletal muscle and eye, respectively. Also the $B_4$ isozyme was the thermo-stablest and $C_4$ was stabler than $A_4$ isozyme. The optimum pH of LDH was 6.5. The results mentioned above indicate that isozymes in tissues showed the properties between LDH $A_4\;and\;B_4$ isozyme as A. hasta was adapted to hypoxic conditions. Also LDH seems to function more effectively under anaerobic condition because LDH in skeletal muscle and eye tissues have high affinity for pyruvate.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.175-194
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• 2014

This study attempts to identify the spatial distributions of Achnanthes convergens, and elucidate the environmental factors that affect the Periphyton diatom habitat. Data in 250 points of Nakdong river basin are collected between April(primary) and September(secondary) 2012, with the National Institute of Environmental Research's support. We define "clean area" over 10% of Achnanthes convergens appearance, and the others as "non-clean areas". Spatial statistics of Kriging, Hotspot, LISA are used in this study. Results show that 1) 56 points are identified as clean areas in the primary survey, while 41 points are discovered in the following survey; 2) using water quality variables, density of turbidity(clean $101.83{\mu}s/cm$; non-clean $598.48{\mu}s/cm$) and conductivity(clean 1.95 NTU; nonclear 5.58 NTU) are five-fold lower in clean-areas; 3) Habitat and Riparian Factors in Nakdong basin illustrate that natural sand bar, diversity of velocity, sediment condition, levee material, riverside land affect Achnanthes convergens; 4) Hotspots of Achnanthes convergens are located in watersheds, including upper Andong Dam, upper Imha dam, Wi-cheon, Miryang river, Nam river and Hwang river whereas mainstream/downstream of Nakdong river and Keumho river watershed are shown as coldspots.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.759-764
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• 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are valuable therapeutic targets for the regulation of diabetic complications. Activity-guided isolation of the ethylacetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of 70% ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Ainsliaea acerifolia was performed, followed by AGE formation inhibition assay for the characterization of four dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives of a previously known structure, methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinate (1), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2), 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3), and methyl 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinate (4). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, $^1H-$, $^{13}C-NMR$, two-dimensional NMR) and mass spectroscopic data. Among the isolates, the major secondary metabolites, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3) showed the most potent inhibitory effects against AGE formation with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.6{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$ and $0.4{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$, respectively. Furthermore, all isolated dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical, and compound 3 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner. This result suggests that the caffeoylquinic acid dimers isolated from A. acerifolia might be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic complications and related diseases.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2012

Soil dispersion and heavy metal leaching with two heavy metal-contaminated soils were studied to derive the optimal dispersion condition in the course of developing the remedial technology using magnetic separation. The dispersion solutions of pyrophosphate, hexametaphosphate, orthophosphate and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) at 1 - 200 mM and the pH of solutions was adjusted to be 9 - 12 with NaOH. The clay content of suspension as an indicator of dispersion rate and the heavy metal concentration of the solution were tested at the different pHs and concentrations of the dispersion solution during the experiment. The dispersion rate increased with increasing the pH and dispersion agent concentration of the solution. The dispersion efficiency of the agents showed as follows: pyrophosphate > hexametaphosphate > SDS > orthophosphate. Arsenic leaching was sharply increased at 50 mM of phosphates and 100 mM of SDS. The adsorption of $OH^-$, phosphates and dodecysulfate on the surface of Fe- and Mn-oxides and soil organic matter and the broken edge of clay mineral might decrease the surface charge and might increase the repulsion force among soil particles. The competition between arsenic and $OH^-$, phosphates and dodecylsulfate for the adsorption site of soil particles might induce the arsenic leaching. The dispersion and heavy metal leaching data indicate that pH 11 and 10 mM pyrophosphate is the optimum dispersion solution for maximizing dispersion and minimizing heavy metal leaching.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 1991

To evaluate cold tolerance of rice cultivars on the basis of a relationship between cold tolerance in the field test and a biochemical character, transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochondria(TRM) which were isolated from different parts and at different growth stages and from etiolated rice seedling was investigated, and its relationship with degree of cold tolerance(DCT) in the field experiment was studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochodria (TRM) isolated from etiolated seedling ($25^{\circ}C$, two week-grown in the dark) of cold tolerant cultivars tended to be low, while that of cold susceptible cultivars to be high. 2. The correlation between TRM of etiolated seedling and the degree of cold tolerance(DCT) was $r=0.8935^{**}$ in 1988 and $r=0.8236^{**}$ in 1989. The correlation coefficient between TRM of 4-leaf seedling and DCT was $0.6239^{**}$ 3. TRM of young panicle was correlated with DCT except a few varieties. 4. TRM of seedling increased with growth as $12.5^{\circ}C$, $14.5^{\circ}C$, $15.5^{\circ}C$ and $16.5^{\circ}C$ at 1, 2, 3~4 and 5weeks respectively. 5. The transition temperature of mitochondrial respiratory activity was not significantly influenced by growth stages as $15.0{\sim}16.0^{\circ}C$ in Pungsanbyeo and $17.0{\sim}18.0^{\circ}C$ in Satbyelbyeo, while it was significantly different depending upon the degree of cold tolerance(tolerant, medium, susceptible).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.439-452
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• 2018

This study was carried out to establish of environment-friendly control system and to survey the occurrence status of Ricania shanthungensis in Jeonnam province from 2016 to 2017. R. shanthungensis occurred at 1,344 ha in 61 towns of 15 cities in Gwangju and Jeonnam province. At four sites in the stationary area, the densities of eggmass and pupae were lower in 2017 than in 2016, the hatching rate decreased, and the first hatching time, emergence of adults, and the start of spawning tended to be slower. Telenomus sp., an egg parasitoid of R. shanthungensis, was found in most areas. Sunchon had the highest rate of 46.1%, followed by Muan 40.6, Goksung 29.2, Gurye 25.8, and Gwangju 17, respectively. The optimum spraying time for the control of R. shanthungensis was early March. The spraying material and the dilution multiples are 10 times of the machine oil at environmental friendly cultivation and 500 times of the chlorpriphosphate wp. at normal cultivation. When sprayed these materials, 95% of egg prohibited to hatch. There was more than 80% of the insecticidal effects on the organic materials of the machine oil emulsion, the Sophora root extrect + microbial extract agent, and the castor emulsion. For adults, Sophora root extrect + microbial extract, neem extract, and machine oil were better. Four kinds of chemical pesticides such as dinotefuran wp were effective for nymph and adult control. We have developed an adult catching device using the most preferred daylight color and behavioral habits of R. shanthungensis. The capture device consisted of two daylight compact lamps (30W and 20W), a yellow plate, and a catcher using water, and caught about 700 individuals a day. Based on the above results, we have established a system for controlling and life cycle of R. shanthungensis in Jeonnam province.