• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.51-79
• /
• 2024

In the 1970s and 1980s, during the nascent phase of ginseng disease research, efforts concentrated on isolating and identifying pathogens. Subsequently, their physiological ecology and pathogenesis characteristics were scrutinized. This led to the establishment of a comprehensive control approach for safeguarding major aerial part diseases like Alternaria blight, anthracnose, and Phytophthora blight, along with underground part diseases such as Rhizoctonia seedling damping-off, Pythium seedling damping-off, and Sclerotinia white rot. In the 1980s, the sunshade was changed from traditional rice straw to polyethylene (PE) net. From 1987 to 1989, focused research aimed at enhancing disease control methods. Notably, the introduction of a four-layer woven P.E. light-shading net minimized rainwater leakage, curbing Alternaria blight occurrence. Since 1990, identification of the bacterial soft stem rot pathogen facilitated the establishment of a flower stem removal method to mitigate outbreaks. Concurrently, efforts were directed towards identifying root rot pathogens causing continuous crop failure, employing soil fumigation and filling methods for sustainable crop land use. In 2000, adapting to rapid climate changes became imperative, prompting modifications and supplements to control methods. New approaches were devised, including a crop protection agent method for Alternaria stem blight triggered by excessive rainfall during sprouting and a control method for gray mold disease. A comprehensive plan to enhance control methods for Rhizoctonia seedling damping-off and Rhizoctonia damping-off was also devised. Over the past 50 years, the initial emphasis was on understanding the causes and control of ginseng diseases, followed by refining established control methods. Drawing on these findings, future ginseng cultivation and disease control methods should be innovatively developed to proactively address evolving factors such as climate fluctuations, diminishing cultivation areas, escalating labor costs, and heightened consumer safety awareness.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2020

Mosquitos serve as vectors for diseases, causing inconvenience as well as a threat to human life and health. Concern about mosquitos introducing and spreading new diseases has been intensifying. We observed a variety of mosquito habitats based on land cover classification from Korea's Ministry of Environment, and the mosquito species that could appear were classified according to the each habitat type. Finally, we suggested the best control methods for each type of habitat considering habitat characteristics and the ecological traits of mosquitos. Urban areas harbor various habitats for pests, contributing significantly to mosquito habitats. Control must be performed regarding larva and adults because various sources for habitats exist. Public mosquito control programs such as educational training, as well as information brochures can be effective in managing mosquito populations and public health. Agricultural areas show high densities of mosquito larva to lentic zones such as reservoirs, wetlands, paddy fields. So, biological control using natural predators may be effective in controlling mosquito populations. Forests are major habitats for Aedes albopctus, so physical controls should be deployed for residents living nearby, and excessive deforestation should be minimized. Other areas including aquatic ecosystems should be adopted regarding biological control using Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) and chemical control for eradicating mosquitos. We classified habitats into four types of land cover patterns considering ecological traits and habitat preference, and suggest adequate control methods for each habitat type. Our suggestion can be used to positively contribute toward effective managing mosquito's density and reducing the damage to public health.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.349-353
• /
• 2012

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni causes black spot symptom on fruit of plum, resulting in yield loss by reduction of marketable fruit production. To develop an effective control program, some chemicals were sprayed in various scheme during dormant season and growing season after blooming period. Copper-based chemicals were sprayed during dormant season and antibiotic-based chemicals were sprayed during fruit growing season. Sprays of antibiotic-based chemicals in growing season was more effective than copper-based chemicals sprays in dormant season. Three applications of antibiotic-based chemicals in 10 days interval starting 10 days after full blooming controlled disease incidence as much as 93%, whereas applications of copper-based chemicals in dormant season controlled 26-42%. Antibiotic-based chemicals application starting 10 days after full blooming was more effective than starting 20 or 30 days after full blooming.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.387-390
• /
• 2012

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and tobacco cutworm (S. litura) are insect pests causing damage in many economically important vegetables in Korea. Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly known as Bt, has been available as an alternative insecticide for many years. Five commercial Bt products and the mixtures evaluate the control efficacy against three kinds of moths. These commercial Bt products had high control efficacy against $2^{nd}$ instar of diamondback moth, but didn't show high mortality against beet armyworm and tobacco cutworm. Mixtures of Bt products didn't have synergistic effects to the tested moths. Also application of twice and four times the recommended concentration didn't improve the control effects against the tested three species of moths.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.158-162
• /
• 2010

Four promising biocontrol agents against Phytophthora capsici were selected from 507 bacterial isolates collected from rhizosphere soils and roots of pepper plants. In vitro experiment, these four biocontrol agents inhibited mycelial growth, germination of cystospores, and formation of zoosporangia and zoospores of Phytophthora capsici. In the pot experiment, the four biocontrol agents showed control efficiency higher than 70%. In greenhouse experiment, the isolates G28-6 gave the control value of 79.4%. These four biocontrol agents successfully colonized in the population density beyond 105 cfu/g on roots of pepper in vitro. The isolates G28-6 was identified as Pseudomonas aurantiaca, based on its cultural, morphological, and biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.50-55
• /
• 2013

Self-Prevention Plan Review Report and Review Standards Process Safety Management(PSM), Safety Management System(SMS), including the contents of the safety management system audit standards, notices and guidelines on the screening form and were analyzed. Were expected through the interview and screening personnel in the screening process to identify problems prior research so that it can be reflected in the. Also divided into methods such as document review and on-site implementation status of the review written Emergency Preparedness Plan depending on the item proposed. Toxic Chemicals Control Act(TCCA) Self-Prevention Plan Review Regulations. However, the substantial approval process, and do not enable the system performance lacked Self-Prevention Plan Review. Review half configuration to enhance the professionalism and efficiency of the work of this research was performed.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.266-273
• /
• 2010

Bacterial pustule of soybean (Glycines max) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines is one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases of soybean. This bacterium shows strong pathogenicity to the plants and distributes throughout Korea. However, no good control measures including bactericides and resistant cultivars are available to control the disease in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop chemical control method against soybean bacterial pustule. The present study was undertaken to find out the growth inhibitory effect bactericides (8 antibiotics, 2 copper compounds, quinoline, 18 agro-chemicals) on bacterial pustule pathogen. Antibiotics test showed that tetracycline and streptomycin sulfate significantly suppressed the growth of bacterial pustule pathogen. Also, application of oxolinic acid was found to be effective for pathogen inhibition. However, vancomycin, polymyxin B sulfate and copper compounds did not show the positive suppressive effect on growth of the pathogen. Among the eighteen agro-chemicals, streptomycin sulfate + oxytetracyclin (18.8 + 1.5%) WP, oxytetracycline (17%) WP and oxolinic acid (20%) WP were found to be effective for the inhibition of the pathogen in vitro. The selected 5 agro-chemicals were also applied on soybean in field and their control effects against the soybean bacterial pustule were tested. The foliar application of streptomycin sulfate + oytetracyclin WP and oxytetracycline WP on the naturally infected soybean (Taekwangkong) showed high control value (above 70%). Therefore, it is concluded that the bactericides used in this study showed strong inhibitory effect to soybean bacterial pustule and they can be recommend to farmers to control the disease.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.12-17
• /
• 2003

Potato blackleg disease caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) has been a serious problem in Korea. Bactericidal activities of twelve bactericides including antibiotics, copper compounds and oxolinic acid were examined in vitro. Streptomycin, streptomycin sulfate, and oxolinic acid effectively controlled the pathogen at 0.02 mM. However, the pathogen developed resistance to the applied bactericides after 72 hours of incubation. Activity of copper compounds such as copper hydroxide, copper oxide and copper sulfate was lower than that of antibiotics. However, the pathogen did not develop resistant to them. Combinations of streptomycin (0.016 mM, 9.3 ppm) + copper oxide (1.2 mM, 171.6 ppm)/copper hydroxide (1.5 mM, 146.3 ppm); streptomycin sulfate (0.005 mM, 7.0 ppm) + copper oxide (1.2 mM, 171.6ppm)/copper hydroxide (1.5 mM, 146.3 ppm) were found to be effective for the control of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.255-266
• /
• 2017

Chemically derived pesticides have been used to prevent biological damage to domestic cultural property. However, their use is gradually being restricted due to the harmful effects on the human body and environment. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the search for new antifungal biopharmaceuticals whose safety has been confirmed by toxicity evaluation through animal experiments. This paper presents methods of toxicity evaluation of natural biocides using Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Safety of the natural biocide extract of Asarum sieboldii was evaluated using single-dose oral and dermal toxicity tests in Sprague-Dawley rats, and eye and skin irritation tests in NZW rabbits. The extract has proven antimicrobial and insecticidal activities against wood-rotting fungi and termites. After single oral administration to rats, the $LD_{50}$ values were determined to be over 4,000 and 2,000 mg/kg for males and females, respectively. After single dermal administration to rats, the $LD_{50}$ values exceeded 10,000 mg/kg for both males and females. The extract was identified to be non-irritant to the rabbit eye, and only slightly irritant to the rabbit skin. In this study, we confirmed the safety of the A sieboldii extract through animal testing. Due to the harmfulness of humidifier disinfectants, focus is on the safety of chemical pesticides, and toxicity evaluation is suggested as the basic method for hazard evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.567-582
• /
• 2015

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur formulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.