• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2019

Purpose: In this study, the status and the risk of fire occurrence in domestic automobile were evaluated and the damage reduction effect by using the fire extinguishing mechanism was evaluated. Method: The analysis of the risk of the occurrence of Vehicle Fires in Korea and the damage of human and property by the use of fire extinguisher applied to fire extinguisher were investigated and analyzed. Results: The annual damage rate of the damage caused by the automobile fire is 4.74%, which shows an annual increase. As a result of the analysis of the personal injury caused by the passenger car in the car fire situation, the damage amount per 100 cases of the fire occurrence increased from 424.65 million won to 473.06 million won in the past 5 years (2012 ~ 2016). Conclusion: When fire extinguishers are used in the case of passenger Vehicle Fires, the average amount of property damage per fire occurrence is estimated to be about 307.5 million, emphasizing the importance and necessity of the initial fire fighting.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2001

Fire extinguishing efficiency of mixed gaseous agents were investigated by the cup-burner test and predicting by the model of flame extinguishing concentration. The binary mixed agents that tested were carbon dioxide/HFC-23, carbon dioxide/HCFC-22, carbon dioxide/HFC-227ea, carbon dioxide/HFC-125, carbon dioxide/FIC-13I1, Hexafluoropropylene/HFC-23 and ternary mixed agents were carbon dioxide/HFC-23/HFC-l34a, carbon dioxide/HFC-23/HFC-227ea, carbon dioxide/HFC-23/HFC-125. A model which contains the flame extinguishing concentration and composition of pure components predicted the flame extinguishing concentration of mixture well. This model was superior when each component of the mixture exhibit physical fire extinguishing performance.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

We carried out the water mist fire extinguishing experiments with the 3 kinds of foaming agents varied on the nozzle height. Test result showed that 2% AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) and 1% synthetic foaming agent for water mist system are the faster extinguishing time than the pure water mist and 3% AFFF solution. Additionally, the best fire extinguishing performance of pure water mist was shown at 3.5m nozzle height and that of the foaming agents shown at 4m nozzle height.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2002

To analyze the effect of fire plume on the characteristics of air flow and $CO_2$, extinguishant transfer when extinguishant is injected into a closed space similar to a marine engine room with fire plume, a numerical simulation on a space was performed. Flow fields and $CO_2$, concentration fields are calculated according with the variation of the location of nozzles. In all cases excepting the case of all nozzles located in the right side of ceiling, an counterclockwise & clockwise recirculation flow was found in the region of the right and left side of the nozzle on the second floor and such a recirculation flow greatly affected mass transfer and the diffusion process of $CO_2$, extinguishant. In the region of the first floor with fire plume, the diffusion process of $CO_2$, extinguishant was in agreement with the extension process of recirculation flow. It is considered that the result of this study can be useful to designing the arrangement of nozzles for the $CO_2$ fire fighting equipments in a marine engine room.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.28-36
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• 2019

In the present study, the effects of supply gas and water mist on the heptane pool fire extinguishing performance were investigated using the full cone and hollow cone twin-fluid atomizers. Air or nitrogen of 30 lpm (Liter per minute; L/min) was used as the supply gas, and the experiments were conducted under the water flow rate conditions of 0 lpm (i.e., discharge of air or nitrogen only) and 0.085 lpm (i.e., discharge of water mist with supply gas). Experimental results confirmed that the use of water mist discharge with the supply gas and full cone spray pattern reduced the fire extinguishing time as compared to that of only supply gas discharge and hollow cone spray pattern. In addition, for the discharge of water mist using the full cone twin-fluid atomizer, water mist significantly affected fire extinguishing performance, whereas the effect of the supply gas was less pronounced. On the other hand, for the discharge of water mist using the hollow cone twin-fluid atomizer, the fire extinguishing time was remarkably reduced by the supply of nitrogen, as compared with that of air, indicating that the supply gas as well as water mist can significantly affect fire extinguishing performance.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.51-55
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• 2019

To prevent ozone depletion caused by CFCs, the replacement of Halon with clean agents has been developed in the fire protection field along with refrigerants, detergents, and foaming agents. The alternatives for Halon 1211 have been developed in the portable fire extinguisher area and HCFC-123 is used widely as a clean fire extinguishing agent. The type of expellant gas is important because their own vapor pressure is low. In this study, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-125, and Novec-1230 were selected as fire extinguishing agents and CO₂, which is expected to improve the fire extinguishing ability, was chosen as the expellant gas. For each agent, experiments changing the agent and CO₂ amount were carried out and HCFC-123 showed a good result, as expected. The extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 1.5 kg, showed the same ability to suppress a class A and B fire as the extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 2.5 kg, which is currently sold on the market. According to this result, the expellant gas has a subsidiary fire extinguish effect. This can reduce the amount of HCFC fire extinguishing agent, which is categorized in the phase-out alternatives, and is a more eco-friendly and economical fire extinguisher than the previous one. This study can also help solve the problems of CO₂ fire extinguishers for class B and C fires, and can be used to extinguish electric and electron facilities fire, which contains large amounts of class A fire combustibles.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Several complex devices and equipments are installed in the car's engine room, including various kind of oils or other flammable materials. So re-ignition is very likely to take place in it. In addition, it is restrictive for the driver or the occupant to open the bonnet and to spray the fire extinguisher in the engine room due to the high possibility of explosion. Therefore, a fire extinguishing system, which can detect a fire and inject the fire extinguishing agent to extinguish it, and fire extinguishing agents including HFC-227ea, which can stand the high temperature within the engine room and hold the viscosity sufficient to keep it in the kind of foam, were developed and tested. And the suffocation effect and the cooling effect come from the fire extinguishing principle of the foam fire extinguishing agent and the inhibiter catalyst effect come from the one of HFC-227ea was led simultaneously, and fire extinguishing agents without the secondary damage caused by residuals after the fire extinguishment like a case of the powder fire extinguishing agent, were developed. And experiments using a vehicle collision after the discharge is complete, foreign material can be removed without extinguishing the advantage that experimental results obtained.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 2002

This paper includes new nozzle design, basic design factors of water mist system that minimize a thermal damage of cable causing business interruption and applying underground utility tunnel. A underground concrete structure (2.5 m(H)$\times$2.5 m(W)$\times$25 m(D)) is constructed in order to test a nozzle performance. Under the designing fire scenario, critical thermal damage of cable sheath ($400^{\circ}c$) reached within a 2 minutes with unsuppressed fire, but type 1 nozzle (SMD 470 $\mu{m}$) and type 2 nozzle (SMD 650 $\mu{m}$) control cable temperature below $400^{\circ}c$. A system performance and fundamental design factors; K factor, flow rate, spray angle, size distribution, nozzle pressure, spray density are analyzed and proposed for system optimization.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

There are specific indications about additional gas for the unencloseable openings of the carbon dioxide extinguishing systems. But there are no indications for other gas extinguishing systems including clean agent extinguishing systems only have the principle when it need, apply it. Therefore, this study suggested applying the equation of additional gas for the unencloseable openings of the carbon dioxide to all of the other fire suppression gas that we are use.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.83-86
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• 2011

옥내소화전설비, 스프링클러설비 등 수계소화설비에 일반배관용 스테인리스강관과 그 연결에 필요한 이음쇠의 사용가능성을 적용사례, 내식성 등을 통해 확인하였고, 기존 수계소화 설비의 배관에 대한 개선방안을 도출하였다. 일반배관용 스테인리스강관 및 이음쇠는 국내의 경우 수도용으로 활발히 사용되고 있으며, 독일 영국 일본 미국 등의 수계소화설비에 사용되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 강관과 이음쇠의 연결상태에서 내식성을 확인하기 위해 0.5 %와 3.5 %의 소금물을 관내에 주입한 후 28일 보관한 결과 이상이 없음을 확인하였다. 또한, 기존에 설치되어있는 수계소화설비는 배관계의 온도차에 의한 보상방법이 되어있지 않아 작동물질의 열팽창에 따라 강관, 이음쇠의 파손이 발생할 수 있음을 확인하었다.