• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

'Heaundae Woosin Building' fire was the case that a fire breaking out on the $4^{th}$ floor spread out the $38^{th}$ floor which is a top story and the penthouse was destroyed by fire. After this fire, the fire safety for high rise buildings has been on the rise and several new laws and regulations related in the buildings were created. The study is to analyze Heaundae officetel building case using FDS which is one of the CFD programs for fire. The methodology of this study is to analyze the case comparing with fire spread and route from a virtual fire simulation and related articles and a video clip of actual scene fire. This study shows that a fire spreading on top of levels spent approximately 30 minutes and, which is similar to the actual fire case. Also the pattern of spread has similarity with the case. However, even if the actual fire case shows the fire pattern was "V shape", the smoke-view presents the fire dose not spread horizontally as much as the real fire case. The result shows uncertainty of the modeling based on many grids and a limitation of putting interior finish input sources and the direction of the wind might cause the difference. Also, to analyze factors influencing on a vertical fire, another fire modeling is performed by in condition of modeling environment considering concrete interior finish between buildings and no wind. The result presents the fire spread in smoke-view does not spread vertically as much as the actual case.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 2008

The stabilized $ClO_2$ gas has been used for many years by the food industry as a strong oxidizing and sanitizing agent that has broad and high biocidal effectiveness. Therefore, "stabilized $ClO_2$" gas may be used in fields of disinfectant and sterilization. But, there have been few studies on the decomposition-inhibition effect of stabilized $ClO_2$ gas with passage of time. The main purpose of this study was to examine the decomposition-inhibition effect of stabilized $ClO_2$ gas and the morphological change of kidney by measuring of the light and electron microscope. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighting from 230 gm to 250 gm were used as experimental animals. Under ether anesthesia, the right kidney of rat was obtained. Put each sample in $37^{\circ}C$ and humidity $80{\pm}5%$ incubator, we obtained each sample after 0 day, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days and 5 days. We proceeded the observation of light and electron microscope. The results obtained in this study reveal that stabilized $ClO_2$ gas is an effective decomposition inhibitor until 2 days that was conducted at $37^{\circ}C$ and humidity $80{\pm}5%$ conditions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide (S-$ClO_2$) on muscle tissue of rats. Skeletal muscle of 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rats was used. Light and transmission electron microscopic findings were observed in the control group, which was not treated with stabilized chlorine dioxide, and in the experimental group, which was treated with a stabilized chlorine dioxide powder in aqueous solution. According to the LM and TEM observations, the day 1 control group showed the initiation of endomysium collapse resulting in an unclear boundary of muscle fibers, and partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes. All endomysium had collapsed, and bacteria were observed among muscle fibers in the day 2 and later groups. Shapes of muscles were not distinguishable in day 3 or later groups. In contrast, the day 1 and 3 experimental groups revealed detailed structure of typical muscles, but partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes was observed in the day 3 and later groups. Subsequently, connective tissues collapsed and structures in the shape of concentric circles were observed. In summary, the day 1 control group showed the initial collapse of tissues, and shapes were not distinguishable in the day 3 and later groups because most of the tissues had collapsed. In contrast, the day 3 experimental group showed partial collapse, but the overall shapes of muscles were maintained as time went on, confirming the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide on muscles.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.46-64
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• 1994

Among every civilized people salt has been recognized as an essential foodstuff to the human society without which even man's survivor is unthinkable. The cultural-anthropological meaning of salt is estimated highly as well, and in geographical perspective salt itself symbolize regional interrelationship. Playing a decisive role in freeing innermost settlement from isolation, salt aiso made a contribution to expanding human habitats. This study tries to reconstruct historica geography of 18th and 19th century surrounding traditional salt-roasting (chayeom). The Joolpo Inlet area which is located on the mid-western coast in Honem Region is selected for study area. Established on the basis of optimum physical geographical conditions such as topography, climate and vegetation, salt-making of Joolpo Inlet area was run dynamically with the sudden turn of events in the 18-19th century which was chacterized as an age of transition from medieval society to modern one. In this paper the writer attempts to clarify mainly following three points: physical conditions and socio-economic background leading to the initiation and later development of roasting of salt in Joolpo Bay; distribution of saltworks; methods of saltmaking. Main points drawn from these analyses can be summarized as follows: of iron pan and cow-drawn tools rendered labour-saving and output growth. 1, Saltworks of Joolpo Inlet area in the 18-19th century were distributed evenly over Kobu, Puan, Mujang and Heungduck counties among which Kobu's was located in Puanmyon - a sort of exclave. All saltworks belonging to above four counties were clasified as most lucrative ones in Honam Region on government archives. In particular, Gumdang saltwork which belongs to Mujang county is noteworthy in that it was first introduced by one Paekje priest in 6th century and therefore it provides a clue to examine the history of salt-roasting of Joolpo Inlet area. In light of the fact that temple or monastery economy, regardless of East and West, has been closely connected with traditional industry, the case of Gumdang is not unusual. 2. The process of saltmaking follows this order: harrowing of salt field exposed to solar heat; construction of saltern mound with saline earth; acquiring of brine by leaching saline earth; roasting of salt. Salterns (saltworks) are consisted with various salt making facilities such as roasting shed, saltern mound, salt field, salt well) salt pit or brine pit) and seawater reservoir. Among them roasting shed which is constructed chiefly with hundreds of pieces of pine tree as a frame and with straw as roof and wall is customarily considered as an unit of saltwork. And inside it is saltpan made of two kinds of materials, that is iron pan or plaster pan. The area attached to one unit of roasting shed is approximately 1 ha, and that of saltern mound is a tenth of it.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the salts fortified with Hizikia component on blood pressure and mineral composition in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrj) and normotensive rats (WKY/NCrj). The two species rats were assigned to three groups and were fed with drinking water to which Hizikia salts were added for 6 weeks. The final blood pressures (BP) among groups of SHR were increased to 12, 4, and 21%, respectively. In terms of urine and fecal minerals, the $Na^+$ contents in two species were significantly higher in the control than in the salt groups, and vice versa with regard to the $ K^+$ contents. The amount of excretion mineral was higher in urine than in feces. The $Na^+$, $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ contents of the liver in SHR were higher in the control than in the salt groups (p<0.05). The $Na^+$ content of the kidney in SHR was higher in the control than in the salt groups, but the content was shown an opposite trend in WKY. The $K^+$ contents were higher in the low salt group (p<0.05). These results may indicate that the salts fortified with the Hizikia component may be useful in lowering systolic blood pressure owing to the maintenance of positive mineral metabolism.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.92-98
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• 2012

In this sturdy, large experimental (ISO 13785-2) was performed to analyze the building materials used in fire retardant materials for aluminum composite panel and in general properties. As a results, maximum temperature in the case of the general materials was measured in 210 seconds $1,021^{\circ}C$, the retardant materials was measured in 1,200 seconds early $1,190^{\circ}C$. The retardant material of aluminum composite panel, Fire behavior if the ignition is slow and the general materials in aluminum composite panel, fire ignition and combustion at the same time was growing rapidly. The general materials and flame-retardant material of aluminum composite panel was an obvious difference to the combustion ignition but after ignition combustion mode showed a similar pattern of the rapidly vertical spread of flame. The results of this study, in order to reduce the risk of aluminum composite panels for fire and the retardant materials used for ignition the slow should be actively encouraging. Also after the ignition, there is an urgent need to put out a fire in exterior materials for extinguishing facilities.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.860-865
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• 2012

Although biomass syngas is very low calorific gas, it is utilized by means of dual fuel combustion technology in the fields of industrial furnace and boiler as a substitute oil technology. The basic structure of duel fuel combustion burner is designed so that low caloric gas fuel is supplied around an oil burner in the middle. In the present study, three types of mixing burners were manufactured to conduct performance experiment. Low caloric gas was evenly distributed around the oil burner and the method of changing the angle of gas nozzle was applied. CO generation decreased according to the increase of the amount of air for combustion. In addition, the shapes and colors of flame changed according to the proportions of gas and oil used. Remained flame after combustion was from the lack of atomization at the exit of oil burner. Although it was difficult to maintain the optimum air ratio due to different required air ratio for oil and syngas, stable combustion was able to maintained within excess oxygen concentration of 4.7~8.2%. From this study, it was shown that the oil atomization at the exit of fuel oil nozzle was promoted by the increased rate of syngas combustion and the CO concentration in flue gas lower than only fuel oil combustion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.564-570
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• 2006

Toxic gases and soot deposition as a consequence of smoke inhalation can cause direct injury to the upper and lower airways and even to the lung parenchyma. A delay in proper and prompt therapy can be detrimental to critically ill burn patients with an inhalation injury. Therefore, serial chest radiography is an important diagnostic tool for pulmonary complications during treatment. The radiographic findings of the chest include normal, consolidation, interstitial and alveolar infiltrates, peribronchial thickening, atelectasis, cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and a pneumothorax as acute complications of smoke inhalation. In addition, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans and pulmonary fibrosis can occur as late complications. We encountered a case of 44-year-old male who presented with acute lung injury after an inhalation injury. He required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. He was managed successfully with conservative treatment. Later, a cavitary lesion of the left upper lobe was observed on the chest radiography and computed tomography, which was complicated by massive hemoptysis during the follow-up. However, the cavitary lesion disappeared spontaneously without any clinical consequences.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.32-37
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• 2013

For The performance based fire design of the buildings, the fire characteristic such as proceeding and scale of the fire should be figured out but, there is lack of relevant information because of different conditions and difficulties of mock-up test like type of division space, ventilation condition, etc, in buildings. Therefore, in the study, a heal release rate etc, the engineering characteristic data value on the fire is proposed by mock-up fire test for division space in buildings. The mock-up fire test is carried out in a bedroom with 2.4 (L) ${\times}$ 3.6 (W) ${\times}$ 2.4 (H) m model. Initial ignition was started from trash box and the test was carried out for 30 min. As a result of the fire test, flame was broken to outside within 7 min and 50 s after starting the test and the maximum heat release rate was measured as 3,810.6 kW at 9 min and 34 s.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2010

Combustion reactivity and thermal behavior of two imported coals used as a pulverized fuel of commercially thermal power plant were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and large scale test furnace of 200 kg/hr. TGA results showed that combustion efficiency of high moisture coal has lower than reference coal due to the slow combustion completion rate although it has the low ignition temperature, and activation energies of high moisture coal with 79 kJ/mol for overall combustion was higher than reference coal of 53 kJ/mol. Test furnace results ascertained that flame of black band of high moisture coal during the combustion in boiler broke out compared to reference coal and then it becomes to unburned carbon due to the less reactivity and combustion rate. But, Blending combustion of high moisture coal with design coal of high sulfur are available because sulfur content of high moisture coal was too low to generate the low SOx content in flue gas from boiler during the combustion. The ash analysis results show that it was not expected to be associated with slagging and fouling in pulverized coal fired systems due to the low alkali metal content of $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$ compared to bituminous coal.