• Title/Summary/Keyword: 화성 분석

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The Effect of Iron Content on the Atomic Structure of Alkali Silicate Glasses using Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy (비정질 알칼리 규산염 원자구조의 철 함량 효과에 관한 고체 NMR 분광학 연구)

  • Kim, Hyo-Im;Lee, Sung-Keun
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.301-312
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    • 2011
  • The study on the atomic structure of iron-bearing silicate glasses has significant geological implications for both diverse igneous processes on Earth surface and ultra-low velocity zones at the core-mantle boundary. Here, we report experimental results on the effect of iron content on the atomic structure in iron-bearing alkali silicate glasses ($Na_2O-Fe_2O_3-SiO_2$ glasses, up to 16.07 wt% $Fe_2O_3$) using $^{29}Si$ and $^{17}O$ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. $^{29}Si$ spin-lattice ($T_1$) relaxation time for the glasses decreases with increasing iron content due to an enhanced interaction between nuclear spin and unpaired electron in iron. $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR spectra for the glasses show a decrease in signal intensity and an increase in peak width with increasing iron content. However, the heterogeneous peak broa-dening in $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR spectra suggests the heterogeneous distribution of $Q^n$ species around iron in iron-bearing silicate glasses. While nonbridging oxygen ($Na-O-Si$) and bridging oxygen (Si-O-Si) peaks are partially resolved in $^{17}O$ MAS NMR spectrum for iron-free silicate glass, it is difficult to distinguish the oxygen clusters in iron-bearing silicate glass. The Lorentzian peak shape for $^{29}Si$ and $^{17}O$ MAS NMR spectra may reflect life-time broadening due to spin-electron interaction. These results demonstrate that solid-state NMR can be an effective probe of the detailed structure in iron-bearing silicate glasses.

Temporal and Spatial Variability of the Middle and Lower Tropospheric Temperatures from MSU and ECMWF (MSU와 ECMWF에서 유도된 중간 및 하부 대류권 온도의 시 ${\cdot}$ 공간 변동)

  • Yoo, Jung-Moon;Lee, Eun-Joo
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.503-524
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    • 2000
  • Intercomparisons between four kinds of data have been done to estimate the accuracy of satellite observations and model reanalysis for middle and lower tropospheric thermal state over regional oceans. The data include the Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) Channel 2 (Ch2) brightness temperatures of NOAA satellites and the vertically weighted corresponding temperature of ECMWF GCM (1980-93). The satellite data for midtropospheric temperatures are MSU2 (1980-98) in nadir direction and SC2 (1980-97) in multiple scans, and for lower tropospheric temperature SC2R (1980-97). MSU2 was derived in this study while SC2 and SC2R were described in Spencer and Christy (1992a, 1992b). Temporal correlations between the above data were high (r${\ge}$0.90) in the middle and high latitudes, but low(r${\sim}$0.65) over the low latitude and more convective regions. Their values with SC2R which included the noises due to hydrometeors and surface emission were conspicuously low. The reanalysis shows higher correlation with SC2 than with MSU2 partially because of the hydrometeors screening. SC2R in monthly climatological anomalies was more sensitive to surface thermal condition in northern hemisphere than MSU2 or SC2. The first EOF mode for the monthly mean data of MSU and ECMWF shows annual cycle over most regions except the tropics. The mode in MSU2 over the Pacific suggests the east-west dipole due to the Walker circulation, but this tendency is not clear in other data. In the first and second modes for the Ch2 anomalies over most regions, the MSU and ECMWF data commonly indicate interannual variability due to El Ni${\tilde{n}$o and La Ni${\tilde{n}$a. The substantial disagreement between observations and model reanalysis occurs over the equatorial upwelling region of the western Pacific, suggesting uncertainties in the model parameterization of atmosphere-ocean interaction.

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Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Floricultural Crops Collected from Floral Farms and Markets in Korea (국내 재배.유통 중인 화훼의 잔류농약 모니터링)

  • Lee, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Seong-Soo;Park, Hong-Ryeol;Ji, Kwang-Yong;Kim, Jong-Geol;Huh, Kun-Yang;Hur, Jang-Hyun
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.216-222
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    • 2009
  • The present study aims to monitor pesticide residues in cut flowers collected from the farms and markets. Cut flowers used in this study included rose, lily and chrysanthemum collected from June to September, 2008. Samples were collected once from farms in Hwasung, Goyang (Gyeonggi-do), Inje (Gangwon-do) and thrice from wholesale market in Namdaemunm, Yangjae and Gangnam (Seoul). Total of 24 pesticides (12 fungicides, 11 pesticides and 1 acaricide) were detected from samples collected from farm and total of 64 pesticides (25 fungicides, 36 pesticides, 1 acaricide and 2 fungicides) were detected from samples collected from wholesale market. The highest detection frequency of pesticide from farm was for carbaryl (15%) and for boscalid, fluacrypyrin, fluquinconazole, methomyl, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrohin (10%), with overall detection of $0.1-36.99\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. While the highest detection frequency of pesticides from wholesale market was for carbaryl, fluquinoconazole and kresoxim-methyl (18.52%), methomyl (16.6%), and methiocarb and thiacloprid (12.96%) with overall detection amount of $0.1-56.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. Higher amount of pesticides were detected in leaves than in flowers. Among the pesticides detected, detection frequency of unregistered pesticides for rose, chrysanthemum and lily was 55%, 60% and 63% collected from farms and 47%, 60% and 89% collected from markets, respectively. These pesticides require registration and further monitoring in floricultural crops.

Bioactive Component Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity on Cancer Cells on Rubus crataegifolius Clones by Region (지역별 산딸기 열매의 유용물질 함량, 항산화 활성 및 암세포 성장억제 효능 분석)

  • Choi, Eun-Young;Kim, Eun-Hee;Lee, Jae-Bong;Kim, Hyeu-soo;Kim, Moon-Sup;Lee, Su-gwang;Kim, Sea-Hyun;Lee, Uk;Kim, Dong-Kwon;Lee, Jin-Tae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.105 no.2
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    • pp.193-201
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    • 2016
  • This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional composition, bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic assay of cancer cells on Rubus crataegifolius (RC) : R. crataegifolius from Jangseong (RC-J), R. crataegifolius from Hwaseong (RC-H), R. crataegifolius from Ulsan (RC-U), R. crataegifolius from Sunchang (RC-S), and R. crataegifolius from Pohang (RC-P). The peroximate composition had the largest amount of carbohydrate content among all kinds of RC. As far as the mineral contents of RC, Calcium comprised the highest amount ($996.6{\mu}g/g{\pm}0.8%$) and Natrium the lowest ($6.2{\mu}g/g{\pm}1.0%$). A total of 26 kinds of free amino acids and 18 kinds of component amino acids were analyzed in RC. The results of electron donating were high scavenging effects of 80% in water extract (RC-UW) and 82.6% in ethanol extract (RC-UE) in $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration from RC-U. Also, the cytotoxic effects of cancer cells B16F10 (RC-UW and RC-PE), H1299 (RC-SW and RC-PE), and MCF-7 (RC-JW and RC-SE) appeared in RC. Therefore, we confirmed that new varieties may possibly be developed with functional materials.

모재/중간층/박막의 H/E ratio 구배에 따른 Cr계 경질 박막의 기계적 특성에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Hoe-Geun;Song, Myeon-Gyu;Lee, Sang-Yul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2018.06a
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    • pp.135-135
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    • 2018
  • 천이금속 질화물 코팅은 우수한 기계적 특성들로 인해 공구 코팅으로 많이 사용 되어왔다. 그 중에서도 특히 Cr계 경질 코팅은 높은 경도와 낮은 표면조도, 우수한 마찰특성 등 뛰어난 기계적 특성을 나타내므로 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성이 크다. 그러나 최근 공구산업의 발전으로 인해 공구가 더욱 가혹한 환경에서 사용됨에 따라, 공구의 수명을 향상시키고 보호하기 위해 코팅의 높은 밀착력이 요구되고 있으며, 모재와 코팅 사이에 중간층을 합성함으로써 공구의 밀착력을 향상시키는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이전 연구에서 모재/중간층/코팅간의 경도와 탄성계수 비율(H/E ratio)의 구배가 코팅의 밀착력에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러므로, WC 모재와 Cr계 코팅의 중간값의 H/E ratio를 갖는 중간층의 합성을 통해 코팅의 밀착력을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는, 코팅의 밀착력을 향상시키기 위해 다양한 중간층을 증착한 CrZrN, CrAlN 코팅을 비대칭 마그네트론 스퍼터링 장비를 이용하여 합성하였다. 모재로는 디스크 형상의 WC-6wt.%Co 시편을 사용하였고 Cr, Zr, Si, Al single 타겟을 이용하여 Cr, CrN, CrZrN, CrZrSiN 등의 중간층이 증착된 코팅을 합성했다. 코팅의 합금상, 경도 및 탄성계수, 미세조직 및 조성, 표면 조도을 확인하기 위해 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fischer scope, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy를 사용하였고, 코팅의 밀착 특성을 분석하기 위해 scratch tester와 optical microscopy (OM)를 이용하였다. 코팅의 내열성을 확인하기 위해 코팅을 furnace에 넣어 공기중에서 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, $1,000^{\circ}C$로 30분 동안 annealing 한 후에 nano-indentation을 사용하여 경도를 측정하였다. CrZrN 및 CrAlN 코팅을 나노 인덴테이션으로 분석한 결과, 모든 코팅의 경도(33.4-35.8 GPa)와 탄성계수(384.1-391.4 GPa)는 중간층의 종류에 상관없이 비슷한 값을 보인 것으로 확인됐다. 그러나, 코팅의 마찰계수는 중간층의 종류에 따라 다른 값을 보였다. CrZrN 코팅의 경우 CrN 합금상 중간층을 갖을 때 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, CrAlN 코팅의 경우 CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착하였을때 마찰계수는 0.34로 CrZrN 중간층을 증착하였을 때(0.41)에 비해 낮은 값을 보였다. 또한, 코팅의 마모율 및 마모폭도 비슷한 경향을 보인 것으로 보아, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 합성한 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 코팅의 밀착력의 경우도 마찰계수와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 이것은 중간층의 H/E ratio가 코팅의 내마모성에 미치는 영향에 의한 결과로 사료된다. H/E ratio는 파단시의 최대 탄성 변형율로써, 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배에 따라 코팅 내의 응력의 완화 정도가 변하게 된다. WC 모재 (H/E=0.040)와 CrAlN 코팅(H/E=0.089) 사이에서 CrN, CrZrSiN 중간층의 H/E ratio는 각각 0.076, 0.083으로 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배가 점차 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었고, 일정 응력이 지속적으로 가해지면서 진행되는 마모시험중에 CrN과 CrZrSiN 중간층이 WC와 CrAlN 코팅 사이에서 코팅 내부의 응력구배를 완화시키는 역할을 함으로써 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 향상된 것으로 판단된다. 모든 코팅을 열처리 후 경도 분석 결과, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅은 $1,000^{\circ}C$까지 약 28GPa의 높은 경도를 유지한 것으로 확인 되었고, 이는 CrZrSiN 중간층 내에 존재하는 SiNx 비정질상의 우수한 내산화성에 의한 결과로 판단된다.

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Changes in Genetic Diversity of a Test Plantation of Liriodendron tulipifera L. by simulated Practices for Seed Trees (백합나무 시험림(試驗林)의 모의간벌(模擬間伐)에 따른 유전다양성(遺傳多樣性) 변화(變化))

  • Hong, Yong-Pyo;Ryu, Keun-Ok;Cho, Kyung-Jin;Hong, Kyung-Nak
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.90 no.1
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    • pp.155-160
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    • 2001
  • Changes in genetic diversity after seed-tree practice were simulated in test plantation of tulip tree at Sokdal-ri, Banwol-myon, Hwasung-gun, Kyungki Provence. I-SSR markers were analyzed in a total of 305 tulip trees. A total of 89 amplicon variants were observed by PCR with 9 I-SSR primers. Genetic diversity for 305 trees was relatively high (S. I. =0.4532). Individuals originated from the seed orchards in U.S.A. showed the highest level of genetic diversity (0.4530), those from Anyang showed the medium level (0.4152), and those from Cheonbuk showed the lowest (0.3929). Simulation of seed-tree practice accompanied by 2 consecutive thinnings was performed on the basis of morphological characteristics and planted distances of the individual trees, which left 37 trees as candidates for seed-trees. Decreasing rate of genetic diversity within seed sources was greatest for individuals from Cheonbuk (28.3%), moderate for those from Anyang (16.3%), and smallest for those from U.S.A. (8.0%). In spite of little difference in decreasing rate of individuals for the 3 seed sources (87.5~88.2%), large difference in decreasing rate of genetic diversity within seed sources might be due to difference in number of mother trees for the 3 seed sources. For example, whereas individuals originated from the seed orchard in U.S.A., which showed the smallest decreasing rate of genetic diversity, might be originated from relatively large number of mother trees, those from Anyang and Cheonbuk might be originated from relatively small number of mother trees. Although mean of 17.5% of the genetic diversity within seed sources was decreased through 2 consecutive thinnings, a decrease in genetic diversity for the whole individuals (37 trees) was only 6.1%. This observation suggests that the seed-tree practice on the basis of the criteria established in the present study may not result in great reduction in overall genetic diversity of the progenies.

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A Study on the Precipitation Mechanism of Quartz Veins from Sangdong Deposit by Analyses of Vein Texture and Trace Element in Quartz (상동광산 석영맥의 조직 및 석영의 미량원소 분석을 통한 광맥 침전 기작 도출)

  • Youseong Lee;Changyun Park;Yeongkyoo Kim
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.56 no.3
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    • pp.239-257
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    • 2023
  • Sangdong deposit, a W-Mo skarn deposit, is located in Taebaeksan mineralized district, hosting vertically developed scheelite-quartz veins that formed at the late ore-forming stage. In this study, we tried to examine the geochemical signatures of ore-forming fluids and vein-forming mechanisms by analyzing the micro-texture of quartz veins and trace element concentrations of quartz. As a result of texture analyses, quartz veins in the hanging wall orebody and the foot wall orebody commonly exhibit the blocky and the elongate blocky texture, respectively, whereas quartz veins in the main orebody show both textures. These textural differences indicate that quartz veins from the hanging wall orebody were precipitated by the primary hydrofracturing due to H2O saturation in the igneous body with relatively high temperature and pressure at a vein-skarn stage, and after that, repeated hydrofracturing caused the formation of quartz veins from the main orebody and foot wall orebody. The results of trace element concentrations show that Li++Al3+↔Si4+ is a main substitution mechanism. However, those of the foot wall orebody were clearly divided into a Li+-dominated substitution and a Na+-, K+-dominated substitution. Considering that quartz veins from the foot wall orebody commonly show the elongate blocky texture, such a distinction means that it is a result of repeated injections of fluid with the different composition. Ti concentrations of quartz from the hanging wall, main, and the foot wall orebody are 28.6, 8.2, and 15.7 ppm in average, respectively. Given a proportional relationship between the precipitation temperature and Ti concentrations, it seems that quartz veins from the hanging wall orebody were precipitated at the highest temperature. Al concentrations of the hanging wall, main, and the foot wall orebody having an inverse relationship with fluid pH are 162.3, 114.2, and 182.5 ppm in average, respectively. These results show that Al concentrations in vein-forming fluids were not changed dramatically. Moreover, these concentrations are extremely low in comparison with the other hydrothermal deposits. This indicates that quartz in overall ore veins at Sangdong deposit was precipitated from the constant condition with slightly acidic to near neutral pH.

Studies on Forest Soils in Korea (II) (한국(韓國)의 삼림토양(森林土壤)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (II))

  • Lee, Soo Wook
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.54 no.1
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    • pp.25-35
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    • 1981
  • Some physical and chemical properties of forest soils in Korea were analyzed for providing the reasonable management methods of forest lands, Among 375 soil series surveyed until 1979, 93 soil series of forest soils were classified and analyzed according to their characteristics. Firstly soil data were classified into 5 categories by weathered products and secondly were classified and analyzed by parent rocks. The results are as follows: 1) In forest soils characterized by weathered products volcanic ash soils were proved to be the most fertile and alluvial soils were turned out to be the most infertile soils. Residual soils on mountain and hill were mostly on the average in all kinds of soil properties analyzed except total soil depth. 2) Igneous rocks developed rather infertile soils containing large amount of organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ with relatively deep soil depth and strong acidity. On the other hand sedimentary rocks produced rather shallow soils containing small amount of organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ but they were relatively fertile with weak acidity. 3) Among igneous rocks basalt and trachyte produced very fertile soils and granite and andesite produced slightly infertile soils. 4) Among sedimentary rocks limestone soils had high fertility neutral in acidity but low amount of available $P_2O_5$ 6) Alluvial sand produced generally very infertile soils with great soil depth comparing with the arable alluvial land with high fertility.

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Surface Marker Analysis in Acute Leukemias (백혈병의 면역학적 표지자검사의 결과분석)

  • Moon, Jin-Young;Lee, Chae-Hoon;Kim, Kyung-Dong;Kim, Chung-Sook
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.359-369
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    • 1997
  • We studied the expression of the cell surface antigen associated with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias on bone marrow or peripheral blood blast cells from 153 leukemic patients including 61 cases of acute myelogenous leukemias(AML), 46 of acute lymphocytic leukemias(ALL) and 12 of acute leukemias. They were analyzed by direct or indirect immunofluorescence method for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies to B cells(CD10, CD19, SmIg), T cells(CD2, CD5, CD7, CD3, CD4, CD8), myeloid antigen(CD13, CD14, CD33, CD61) and a nonspecific antigen, HLA-DR. Lymphoid associated markers detected on AML is CD7 32.8%, CD10 14.8%, CD5 13.1%, CD2 6.6% and CD19 1.6%. TdT was positive in 4.9% of AMLs. Hybrid leukemias were 8 cases out 61 AML cases and were mainly composed of monocytic lineage, M4 and M5a. Myeloid markers detected in ALL were CD13 2.2% and CD33 2.2%. In this study, immunologically classified ALLs were composed of 65.2% of CALLA (+) B precursor type, 10.9% of CALLA (-) B precursor pattern, 8.7% of T cell type, 2.2% of B cell type, 4.5% of mixed lymphoid lineage(B&T), 2.2% of undifferentiated leukemia, and 6.5% of hybrid leukemia. Twelve cases of acute leukemias ware finally diagnosed to be 5 cases of hybrid leukemia, 3 cases of B lineage, 3 case of T lineage and 1 case of mixed lymphoid(B&T) leukemia. In summary, we think the best method for typing acute leukemias is by using a combination of FAB classification and immunophenotying.

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Tectonic Implication of 40Ar/39Ar Hornblende and Muscovite Ages for Granitic Rocks in Southwestern Region of Ogcheon Belt, South Korea (옥천대 남서부지역에 분포하는 화강암류의$^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ 각섬석-백운모 연령에 대한 지구조적 의미)

  • 김용준;박재봉;박영석
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 1998
  • $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ analytical data of hornblende and muscovite separates from granitic rocks in southwestern region of Ogcheon belt shows fellowing tectonic implication, $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ data of 5 samples yield apparent age spectra and $^{37}Ar_{ca}/^{39}Ar_k$ and $^{38}Ar_{CI}/^{39}Ar_k$ plateaus for more than 60% of the $^{39}Ar$ release. Except for HN-100, the $^{36}Ar/^{40}Ar$ versus $^{39}Ar/^{40}Ar$ corelalation diagrams indicate the presence of one distint line. Muscovite of sample PKJ-44 yield flate apparent age plateau for > 60% of the $^{39}Ar_k$ release. In the high temperature steps, the $^{37}Ar_{ca}/^{39}Ar_k$ values are irregular with a correlative increase in $^{38}Ar_{CI}/^{39}Ar_k$, suggesting some Ca and CI rich phase, tapped between the silicate sheet is being argon degassed. The $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ total gas age and the high temperature age of HN-100 is 918.2 Ma and 1360 Ma, respectively. The former affectted by recystallized age of Daebo Orogeny, and the latter indicated age of hornblende closure temperature for cooling stage of amphibole xenolith in granite gneiss. Three rock types of Kwangju granites show about 165 Ma hornblende and muscovite ages with some degassed argon at low temperature steps. These ages of 4 samples indicate also recrystallized age by Daebo Orogeny. In $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ mineral age, Rb/Sr whole age and K/Ar mineral age, discordant ages of southwestern region of Ogcheon belt suggesting cooling rates approaching 3~4$^{\circ}C$/m. y. Such slow cooling rates can be produced by uplift rate of 100m/m.y. or slightly slower than isothem-migration rate derived from the hornblende samples. We conclude that the strongest Orogeny and igneous activity of southwestern region of Ogcheon belt are middle proterozoic era (about 1360 Ma) and middle Jurassic period (about 165 Ma).

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