• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 1995

The study was performed to compare the raliablity of two Korean version questionaires for respiratory symptoms and ilness being used in Korea. The subjects were 103 dental laboratory technician who divided into two groups as SUN-81-AL and SUN-93. The duration of test-retest was one two month. The differences between two groups interms of average age, height, and weight were negligible. The SUN-93 showed higher agreement compared to SUN-81-AL except items cough and smoking. The Sun-93 deserved to prefer to be used in resporatory epidemiologic study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.693-699
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• 1993

In 1990, a retrospective examination of histologic data determined that 23 histology accessions at the Miwon Institute of Animal Science had a diagnosis of crytosporidiosis. These cases presented 10% of the 230 histologic examinations of broiler chicks of 23 cases, 18 cases were respiratory infection and 5 cases were bursal infection. The histologic findings of respiratory cryptosporidiosis were hyperplasia of mucosa epithelial cell, slightly swelling of epithelial cells, deciliation of tracheal epithelium, distribution of cryptosporidium organisms in epithelial surface of trachea and infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes in mucosa propria layer in trachea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.600-612
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• 1996

Background : Recent studies deported that untreated patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had high long-term mortality rates, and cardiovascular complications of these patients clad a major effect on mortality. Several data indicates that obstructive sheep apnea syndrome contributes to the development of diurnal systemic hypertension. But the pathophysiological mechanism of the development of systemic hypertension in these patients is still uncertain. This study was performed to evaluate the possible role of sympathetic nervous system activity for the development of systemic hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Method : 35 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) and 13 Control subjects(control) were included in this study. 21 patients of OSAS were normotensives(OSAS-NBP), and 14 patients of OSAS were hypertensives(OSAS-HBP). Full night polysomnography was undertaken to all subjects. We measured plasma norepinephrine(NE) and epinephrine(EP) concentrations during waking and sleep, using high performance liquid chromatography, in all patients and control subjects. Results : In OSAS, OSAS-NBP and control, plasma NE and EP concentrations during sleep were lowed than during waking(p<0.01). But, in OSAS-HBP, these was no difference between during waking and sleep. Plasma NE concentrations during sleep of OSAS, OSAS-NBP and OSAS-HBP were higher than Control(p<0.05). In OSAS-HBP, daytime systolic blood pressure correlated with plasma NE concentration during sleep(r=0.7415, p<0.01), arid correlated inversely with mean arterial oxygen saturation(r=-0.6465, p<0.05) or arterial oxygen saturation nadir(r=-0.6) 14, p<0.05) during sleep. Conclusion : The sympathetic activity during sleep of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients was higher than control subjects. In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with systemic hypertension, there was no diurnal variation of sympathetic activity, and there was correlation between daytime systolic blood pressure and sympathetic activity during sleep. These data suggests that chronic hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system may contribute to the development of diurnal systemic hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2002

Background: A tracheal stenosis is caused by mucosal ischemic injury related to a high cuff pressure ($P_{cuff}$) of the endotracheal tube. In contrast, aspiration of the upper airway secretion and impaired gas exchange due to cuff leakage is related to a low $P_{cuff}$. To prevent these complications, the $P_{cuff}$ should be kept appropriately because the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ appears to change according to the patient's daily respiratory mechanics. However, the constant cuff volume($V_{cuff}$) has frequently been instilled to the cuff balloon on a daily basis to maintain the optimal $P_{cuff}$ instead of monitoring the $P_{cuff}$ directly at the patients' bedside. To address the necessity of continuous $P_{cuff}$ monitoring, the change in the $P_{cuff}$ was evaluated at various $V_{cuff}$ levels on a daily basis in patients with long-term mechanical ventilation. The utility of mercury column sphygmomanometer for the continuous monitoring $P_{cuff}$ was also investigated. Method: The change in $P_{cuff}$ according to the increase in $V_{cuff}$ was observed in 17 patients with prolonged endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation for 2 week or more. This maneuver measured the change in $P_{cuff}$ daily during the mechanical ventilation days. In addition, the $P_{cuff}$ measured by mercury column sphygmomanometer was compared with the $P_{cuff}$ measured by an automatic cuff pressure manager. Results : There were no statistically significant changes of $P_{cuff}$ during more than 14 days of intubation for mechanical ventilation. However the $V_{cuff}$ required to maintain the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ varied from 1.9 cc to 9.6 cc. In addition, the intra-individual variation of the $P_{cuff}$ was observed from 10 $cmH_2O$ to 46 $cmH_2O$ at constant 3 cc $V_{cuff}$. The $P_{cuff}$ measured by the bedside mercury column sphygmomanometer is well coincident with that measured by the automatic cuff pressure manager. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring and management of the $P_{cuff}$ to maintain the appropriate $P_{cuff}$ level in order to prevent cuff related problems during long-term mechanical ventilation is recommended. For this purpose, mercury column sphygmomanometer may replace the specific cuff pressure monitoring equipment.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.469-485
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• 2003

This paper reports on the results of epidemiological investigation of daily health effects in the elderly associated with daily exposure to particulate matters in Korea. Our main focus is on the potential difference in health effects between PM10 and PM2.5. While the Korean environmental authority has set an ambient standard for PM10, the government currently does not monitor PM2.5, which has no national standard. A daily data on respiratory symptoms as well as PM concentrations are collected for a total of 120 days. Using a probit model, we find statistically significant negative health effects of PM2.5 on respiratory symptoms among the nonsmoking elderly, while PM10 does not show such effects from the estimation. This result suggests that, for air quality regulatory purposes, PM2.5 can be a more appropriate air pollutant than PM10.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess and investigate the epidemiology of pertussis in infants under 6 months of age. Methods: A prospective study was conducted between October 1, 2011 and April 30, 2013 in CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture was used to detect Bordetella pertussis in nasopharyngeal aspirates from case patients who were hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). In addition, multiplex real-time PCR assays were also performed to detect 6 etiologic viruses, including adenovirus, human metapeumo-virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus. Results: Of the 79 enrolled case patients, whose median age was 2 months of age, the most common diagnoses uncovered in this study were acute bronchiolitis (60%) and pneumonia (28%). B. pertussis infection was found in 13 cases (16%), in which 7 (53%) was coinfected with respiratory syncytial virus and 1 (7%) with influenza A virus. Of the 13 patients with B. pertussis infection, 6 (46%) were not vaccinated with the diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine, while 6 (46%) received 1 dose, and 1 (8%) received 2 doses. Conclusion: B. pertussis infection was present in 16% of under 6 month-old infants, who were hospitalized for acute LRTI. Therefore, a nationwide epidemiological surveillance of pertussis, including institutions that cater to infants under 6 months of age is necessary and needed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a one-legged jump in a traditional Korean dance (Wae Bal Ddwigi) according to breathing method. Method : Participants for this study were 10 dancers with experience for at least 10 years in traditional Korean dance. Independent variables for this test were two different types of breathing methods. Dependent variables were ground reaction force and lower extremity kinematic variables. The jumping movement was divided into three separate stages, take off, flight, and landing. The subjects were asked a questionnaire regarding the degree of impact force and stability of landing posture after the experiment. The Kistler Force Plate (9281B, Switzerland) was used to measure ground reaction force. A digital camera was used to look into angles of each joint of the lower part of body. SPSS was used for statistical analysis via the dependent t-test(p<.05). Results : There were significant differences in jumping according to breathing method. The inhalation & exhalation method yielded significantly longer flight times combined with greater ground reaction force. The breath-holding method required more core flexion during landing, increasing movement at the hips and shoulders. Conclusion : Consequently, there was more flexion at the knee to compensate for this movement. As a result, landing time was significantly higher for breath-holding.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.140-152
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• 1998

Background: Prone position improves oxygenation in patients with ARDS probably by reducing shunt Reduction of shunt in prone position is thought to be effected by lowering of the critical opening pressure (COP) of the dorsal lung because the pleural pressure becomes less positive in prone position compared to supine position. It can then be assumed that prone position would bring about greater improvement in oxygenation when PEEP applied in supine position is just beneath COP than when PEEP is above COP. Hemodynamically, prone position is expected to attenuate the lifting of cardiac fossa induced by PEEP. Based on these backgrounds, we investigated whether the effect of prone position on oxygenation differs in magnitude according to the level of PEEP applied in supine position, and whether impaired cardiac output in supine position by PEEP can be restored in prone position. Methods: In seven mongrel dogs, $PaO_2/F_1O_2$(P/F) was measured in supine position and at prone position 30 min. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulse rate (PR), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured in supine position, at prone position 5 min, and at prone position 30 min. After ARDS was established with warmed saline lavage(P/F ratio $134{\pm}72$ mm Hg), inflection point was measured by constant flow method($6.6{\pm}1.4cm$ $H_2O$), and the above variables were measured in supine and prone positions under the application of Low PEEP($5.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$), and Optimal PEEP($9.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$)(2 cm $H_2O$ below and above the inflection point, respectively) consecutively. Results : P/F ratio in supine position was $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg at Low PEEP and $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg at Optimal PEEP(p=0.003). Net increase of P/F ratio at prone position 30 min, however, was far greater at Low PEEP($205{\pm}90$ mm Hg) than at Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg)(p=0.009). Compared to CO in supine position at Optimal PEEP($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min), CO in prone improved to $3.4{\pm}0.6$ L/min at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180) and $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180). Improvement in CO was attributable to the increase in SV: $14{\pm}2$ ml in supine position, $20{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180), and $21{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180), but not to change in PR or PAOP. When the dogs were turned to supine position again, MAP ($92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, p=0.009), CO ($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, p=0.0277) and SV ($14{\pm}1$ ml, p=0.0277) were all decreased compared to prone position 30 min. Conclusion: Prone position in a dog with saline-lavaged acute lung injury appeared to augment the effect of relatively low PEEP on oxygenation, and also attenuate the adverse hemodynamic effect of relatively high PEEP. These findings suggest that a PEEP lower than Optimal PEEP can be adopted in prone position to achieve the goal of alveolar recruitment in ARDS avoiding the hemodynamic complications of a higher PEEP at the same time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1985

The effect of graded increments in positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] on hemodynamics required to ventilate 8 critically ill patients is reported. Acute respiratory insufficiency was a cause of death in only one patient of drug inoxication among the 8 patients studied. The cardiac output was not changed significantly after the increment of PEEP to the level of 20 cm H2O. The heart rate was increased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01] as compared to 0 cm H2O PEEP; and the stroke volume was decreased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.05]. The blood pressure was not affected at any level of PEEP, but the pulmonary artery pressure was elevated significantly at 10 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01]. The right ventricular transmural filling pressure was not affected at the level of 10 cm H2O PEEP, but from 15 cm H2O PEEP it was increased significantly. With the increment of PEEP, the left ventricular stroke work index was decreased slightly; and at 20 cm H2O PEEP, it was decreased significantly. The right ventricular stroke work index was increased only at 10 cm H2O PEEP. The systemic vascular resistance was decreased significantly from 15 cm H2O PEEP [P<0.01].

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.185-190
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that breathing, thoracic and abdominal, had on the smoothness while performing ballet pour de bra. Five skilled ballet dancers(age: $24{\pm}1$, height: $163.4{\pm}2.88$, weight: $44.4{\pm}1.34$) with experience of over 10 years participated in this study. Each participant performed the ballet movement three times with abdominal respiration and with thoracic respiration. The kinematic data was recorded at 60 Hz with three digital cameras (Sony VX-2100). The pour de bra movement consists of two phases, up and down. The up phase is defined as the movement from the en bas through the en avant to the en haut. The down phase is defined as the movement from the en haut through the $\grave{a}$ la seconde to the en bas. During these two phases the Jerk Cost (JC) factor was calculated for the shoulder, elbow and wrist to quantify the smoothness. The group who performed the movement while abdominal respiration had a lower JC factor and so it was concluded that while abdominal respiration the smoothness of the movement was increased as opposed to the thoracic respiration.