• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2001

The quaternary thiophosphates, $A_2NiP_2S_6$ (A=Rb, Cs), have been synthesized with halide fluxes and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. These compounds crystallize in the space group $C_{2h}^5-P2_1/n$ of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a=5.960(2), b=12.323(4), $c=7.491(3)\AA$, $\beta=97.05(3)^{\circ}$, and $V=546.0(3)\AA^3$ for Rb2NiP2S6 and a=5.957(4), b=12.696(7), $c=7.679(4)\AA$, $b=93.60(5)^{\circ}$, and $V=579.7(5)\AA^3$ for $Cs_2NiP_2S_6.$ These compounds are isostructural. The structure of $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$ is made up of one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chains along the a axis and these chains are isolated by $Cs^+$ ions. The Ni atom is octahedrally coordinated by six S atoms. These Ni$S_6$ octahedral units are linked by sharing three m-S atoms of the $[P_2S_6^{4-}]$ anions to form the infinite one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chain. For $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$, the magnetic susceptibility reveals an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 8K,which corresponds to the Neel temperature ($T_N$). Above $T_N$, this compound obeys Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic moment, C, and ${\theta}forCs_2NiP_2S_6$ are 2.77 B.M., 0.9593 K, and -19.02 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic data is agreed with the spin-only value of $Ni^{2+}d^8$(2.83 B.M.) system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.557-564
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of functional health sunsik for diabetes mellitus. Nutrient compositions of commercial sunsik was consist of carbohydrate by grains, but sunsik for diabetes mellitus was lower carbohydrate content ratio and higher protein content ratio($19.35\%$), respectively. The sucrose content was highest in free sugars of sunsik, Oganic acids in sunsik were composed of malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid and citric acid. Free amino acids of diabetes mellitus sunsik were predominantly contented 154.32 mg/100g of serine, 151.87 mg/100g of alanine and 100.00 mg/100g of glutamic acid, respectively. Main fatty acid, linoleic acid content was high $39.48\%$ in diabetes mellitus sunsik. Minerals like Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe were found to contained in sunsik. The minerals contained most in diabetes mellitus sunsik were 332.25 mg/100g of Ca, 246.73 mg/100g of Mg, 219.95 mg/100g of K, 203.26 mg/100g of Na and 9.39 mg/100g of Fe. Total phenolics content of diabetes mellitus sunsik was high contained 436.10 mg/100g. Antioxidant activity(Electron Donating Ability($\%$)) was lower $26.75\%$ in diabetes mellitus sunsik than $70.57\%$ in a-tocopherol(400 ppm). Sensory evaluation score of in diabetes mellitus sunsik was high in cooked taste(3.4) and overall acceptance(3.4).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.947-955
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• 2020

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs. During replication of the FMDV RNA (ribonucleic acid) genome, FMDV-encoding RNA polymerase 3D acts in a highly location-specific manner. This suggests that specific RNA structures recognized by 3D polymerase within non-coding regions of the FMDV genome assist with binding during replication. One such region is the cis-acting replication element (CRE), which functions as a template for RNA replication. The FMDV CRE adopts a stem-loop conformation with an extended duplex stem, supporting a novel 15-17 nucleotide loop that derives stability from base-stacking interactions, with the exact RNA nucleotide sequence of the CRE producing different RNA secondary structures. Here, we show that CRE sequences of FMDVs isolated in Korea from 2010 to 2017 exhibit A and O genotypes. Interestingly, variations in the RNA secondary structure of the Korean FMDVs are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships between these viruses and reveal the specificity of FMDV infections for particular host species. Therefore, we conclude that each genetic clade of Korean FMDV is characterized by a unique functional CRE and that the evolutionary success of new genetic lineages may be associated with the invention of a novel CRE motif. Therefore, we propose that the specific RNA structure of a CRE is an additional criterion for FMDV classification dependent on the host species. These findings will help correctly analyze CRE sequences and indicate the specificity of host species for future FMDV epidemics.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

Owing to the risk of fetal loss associated with prenatal diagnostic procedures (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling), noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is ultimate goal of prenatal diagnosis. The discovery of circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma in 1997 has opened up new probabilities for NIPD by Dr. Lo et al. The last decade has seen great development in NIPD. Fetal sex and fetal RhD status determination by cffDNA analysis is already in clinical use in certain countries. For routine use, this test is limited by the amount of cell-free maternal DNA in blood sample, the lack of universal fetal markers, and appropriate reference materials. To improve the accuracy of detection of fetal specific sequences in maternal plasma, internal positive controls to confirm to presence of fetal DNA should be analyzed. We have developed strategies for noninvasive determination of fetal gender, and fetal RhD genotyping using cffDNA in maternal plasma, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) including RASSF1A epigenetic fetal DNA marker (gender-independent) as internal positive controls, which is to be first successful study of this kind in Korea. In our study, accurate detection of fetal gender through gestational age, and fetal RhD genotyping in RhD-negative pregnant women was achieved. In this assay, we show that the assay is sensitive, easy, fast, and reliable. These developments improve the reliability of the applications of circulating fetal DNA when used in clinical practice to manage sex-linked disorders (e.g., hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), RhD incompatibility, and the other noninvasive pregnant diagnostic tests on the coming soon. The study was the first successful case in Korea using cffDNA in maternal plasma, which has created a new avenue for clinical applications of NIPD.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2007

The cellulase gene of Bacillus licheniformis K11 which has plant growth-promoting activity by auxin and antagonistic ability by siderophore was cloned in pUC18 using PCR employing heterologous primers. The 1.6kb PCR fragment contained the full sequence of the cellulase gene, denoted celW which has been reported to encode a 499 amino acid protein. Similarity search in protein data base revealed that the cellulase from B. licheniformis K11 was more than 97% identical in amino acid sequence to those of various Bacillus spp. The cellulase protein from B. licheniformis K11, overproduced in E. coli DH5${\alpha}$ by the lac promoter on the vector, had apparent molecular weight of 55 kDa upon CMC-SDS-PAGE analysis. The protein not only had enzymatic activity toward carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), but also was able to degrade insoluble cellulose, such as Avicel and filter paper (Whatman$^{\circledR}$ No. 1). In addition, the cellulase could degrade a fungal cell wall of Phytophthora capsici. Consequently B. licheniformis K11 was able to suppress the peperblight causing P. capsici by its cellulase. Biochemical analysis showed that the enzyme had a maximum activity at 60$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. Also, the enzyme activity was activated by Co$^{2+}$ of Mn$^{2+}$ but inhibited by Fe$^{3+}$ or Hg$^{2+}$. Moreover, enzyme activity was not inhibited by SDS or sodium azide.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 1991

Zooplankton samples were collected vertically from different layers with a closing net at 14 stations in the middle East Sea of Korea in February, August and September to study distribution of biological indicators for analysis of water masses. Horizontal and vertical distributions of important species of copepods and chaetognathas known as indicator species were closely related to distributions of different water masses and oceanic fronts. Pleuromamma gracilis, Calanus tenuicornis, Sagitta enflata and Sagitta minima were found to be reliable indicator species to determine warm water mass with warm core, and Calanus cristatus, Calanus tonsus and Sagitta elegans could be used as cold water species for evaluating the movement of cold current from North Korea, and Gaetanus armiger was deep sea water species. Therefore, it was found that North Korean Cold Current down to the south along the coast appeared to be significant in the surface around Chumunjin area, and from here towards the south the cold water containing S. elegans submerged under warm water with S. enflata which were about $2{\~}4^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the vicinity and reappeared near Chukpeon area in surface layer. In the layer between loom and 300m depths, distribution of Pleuromamma gracilis and Sagitta bedoti indicated that warm water mass and front zone influenced by the different water systems were formed in northwestern area off Ulreung-do. In $300{\~}500m$ layer, the proper cold water could be estimated to be present in the northwestern area off Ulreung-do throughout the survey period by the high abundance of Gaetanus armiger. In August, distributions of S. bedoti, S. enflata and S. minima were valuable index to find oceanic fronts and warm core.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 1999

Blood supply rather than nerve supply implies pulp vitality. To evaluate pulp vitality clinically, electric pulp test and thermal test which are based on sensory nerve response have been used in addition to many auxiliary data such as past dental history, visual inspection, radiographic examination, percussion, palpation and transillumination test. However, reactivity of the nerves to the stimulation is not synonymous with normalcy. Therefore measurement of pulpal blood flow using a laser Doppler flowmeter became a new trial to test the pulp vitality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate normal pulpal blood flow level of maxillary teeth in adult to provide a guideline in determining the vitality of dental pulp. Pulpal blood flow was measured in maxillary central and lateral incisors, canines, first and second premolars and first molars of seventy nine adults of 22 - 30 years old using a laser Doppler flowmeter (PeriFlux 4001, Perimed Co., Stockholm, Sweden, 780 nm infrared laser, 1mW). For directly-made splints, silicone rubber impressions were taken directly from the mouth. For indirectly-made splints, alginate impressions were taken from the mouth and stone cast were made. After making depressions on the buccal surfaces of the cast teeth to indicate the hole positions, second impressions with vinyl polysyloxane putty were taken from the cast. Holes for the laser probes were made at the putty impressions 4mm above the gingival level. Laser probe (PF416 dental probe, 1.5mm) was inserted in the prepared hole and the splint was set in the mouth. After 10 minutes of patient relaxing, pulpal blood flow was recorded for 5 minutes on each tooth. The recorded flow was saved in the computer and calculated with a software 'Perisoft' version 5.1. Pulpal blood flow was also recorded in six teeth of five individuals with no response to electric pulp test and cold test, with periapical radiolucency, or with history of root canal treatment to compare with nonvital teeth. The difference between the mean flow values of each group of teeth were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results were as follows: 1. The average pulpal blood flow values of all the tested teeth of each location were between 9 - 16 Perfusion Unit. Pulpal blood flow value was highest in maxillary lateral incisors, followed by first premolars, second premolars, canines, central incisors, and then first molars (p<0.01). 2. In six anterior teeth, indirectly-made splint group showed higher pulpal blood flow values than directly-made splint group (p<0.01). In posterior teeth, however, there was no significant flow value difference between directly-made splint group and indirectly-made splint one (p>0.05). 3. Teeth with vital pulps showed higher signal values than teeth with nonvital pulps (p<0.01), and the flow photographs showed heartbeat-synchronous fluctuations and vasomotions, while those were absent in non vital tooth.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.474-483
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• 1992

Background: Regardless of its causes, acute lung injury is characterized pathophysiologically by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and the protein-rich edema. Many inflammatory mediators are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, including oxygen free radicals (OFR). But the changes in pulmonary capillary pressure in the OFR-induced acute lung injury is not clear. While the pulmonary edema characterized by the movement of fluid and solutes is dependent on the pressure gradient and the alveolar-capillary permeability, the role of pulmonary capillary pressure in the development of pulmonary edema is also not well understood. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control (n=5), xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-treated group (n=7), catalase-pretreated group (n=5), papaverine-pretreated group (n=7), and indomethacin-pretreated group (n=5). In isolated perfused rat lungs, the sequential changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure by double occlusion method, and lung weight as a parameter of pulmonary edema were determined. Results: Pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure were increased by X/XO. This increase was significantly attenuated by catalase and papaverine, but indomethacin did not prevent the X/XO-induced increase. Lung weight gain was also observed by X/XO perfusion. It was prevented by catalase. Papaverine did not completely block the increase, but significantly delayed the onset. Indomethacin had no effect on the increase in lung weight. Conclusion: These data suggest that increased pulmonary capillary pressure by OFR may aggravate pulmonary edema in the presence of increased alveolar-capillary permeability and this may not be mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1989

This study deals with micellar effects on hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl carboxylic esters(p-NPCE) mediated by 2-alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) and sodium 2-alkylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonate(R-BISO$_3$Na) in aqueous and CTABr solutions. The reactions mediated by R-BI and R-BISO$_3$Na in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by benzimidazole(BI) and sodium benzimidazole-5-sulfonate(BISO$_3$Na) respectively, and the reaction rates were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. This prestents a striking contrast to the reactions in aqueous solutions without added CTABr, of which the reaction rates are on approximately same levels. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups for R-BI and R-BISO$_3$Na in the Stern layer of micelle, and it is supported by measured activation parameters(${\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}G^{\neq}\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}$) of the reactions in aqueous and micellar solutions. In addition to nucleophilic ability of benzimidazole(BI) moiety of R-BISO$_3$Na on the reactions, these compounds with long alkyl groups(nonyl to pentadecyl) which form a micelle of themselves increase the reaction rates due to their micellar catalyses in aqueous solutions, not including CTABr. We measured the isotope effects to elucidate the mechanism of hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl carboxylic esters, and the relative first order rate constant($k'_{H_2O}/k'_{D_2O}$) are on range of 2.5∼3.2. This range is too high to conclude that the hydrolyses of p-NPA mediated by various R-BISO$_3$Na proceed by nucleophilic mechanism. In other words, the reactions are assumed to proceed in part by general basic one, as compared with the reaction catalyzed by imidazole(IM) in aqueous solution.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 1995

The basic composition of Mn-Zn ferrite was $Mn_{0.631}Zn_{0.316}Fe_{2.053}O_{4}$(specimen A), $Mn_{0.584}Zn_{0.312}Fe_{2.104}O_{4}$(specimen B) and $Mn_{0.538}Zn_{0.308}Fe_{2.154}O_{4}$(specimen C) with additional 0.1 mol % $CaCo_{3}$ and 0.04 mol % $V_{2}O_{5}$. For high per¬meability and acceleration of grain growth, $CaCo_{3}$ and $V_{2}O_{5}$. was added. The mixture of the law materials was calcinated at $950^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and then milled. The compacts of toroidal type were sintered at different temperature($1250^{\circ}C$, $1300^{\circ}C$, $1350^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours in $N_2$ atmosphere. The effects of the various raw material composition and sintered temperature on the physical properties of Mn-Zn ferrite have been investigated. They turned out to be spinel structure by X-ray diffraction and the size of grain from SEM was from $18\;\mu\textrm{m}\;to\;23\;\mu\textrm{m}$. As the sintering temperature was increased from $1250^{\circ}C$ to $1350^{\circ}C$, the initial permeability and magnetic induction has increased and the both of Q factor and coercive force has decreased. The coercive force and curie temperature were almost the same at each specimen Their values were about 0.45 Oe and $200^{\circ}C$. The frequency of specimen will used in the range from 200 kHz to 2 MHz. The basic composition of $Mn_{0.584}Zn_{0.312}Fe_{2.104}O_{4}$(specimen B) sintered at $1300^{\circ}C$ shows the best results at magnetic induction (Br & Bm).