• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.330-338
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• 2018

The aims of this study were to investigate the perception of confectionery bakers working in Gyeongnam province for food allergy and to find ways to improve and manage food allergy in confectionery and bakery. The questionnaire was composed of general questions and other questions related to food allergy in confectionery and bakery, and the questionnaires were distributed to the bakers working in Gyeongnam. Sixty nine of 102 confectioneries and bakeries responded to this study, and 60 (87.0%) out of 69 people were aware or had heard about food allergy. However, 54 (78.3%) out of 69 lacked prior education about the management of food allergy. Fifty one (73.9) of 69 people responded that they strongly considered food allergy in the manufacture of the products, but they were not educated about the management of food allergens and symptoms of food allergy. Confectionery bakers were aware about food allergies, but did not label food allergen on the products and have a specific management for food allergens at the work site. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the confectionery bakers about food allergy and to develop and distribute a manage program of food allergens in the field. The result from the present study could be used as basic data for the investigation of awareness for food allergy of confectionery bakers working in Korea.

• Food Industry
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• s.181
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• pp.10-37
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• 2004

식용유지는 식용으로 이용할 수 있는 가시적인 상태의 액상(oil) 또는 고체상(fat)의 식용기름을 말하지만 식품산업 측면에서는 가시적인 상태의 유지(가시지방)뿐만 아니라 유지가공 식품이나 기타의 식품에 함유되어 섭취되는 비가시적인 상태의 유지(비가지 지방)도 포함될 수 있다. 식용유지는 생명을 유지하는데 없어서는 안될 영양소로서 탄수화물 단백질과 함께 3대 영양소 중의 하나이며 1g당 9kcal를 내는 고도로 농축된 에너지원이면서 필수지방산의 공급원이고 비타민 A, D, E 등의 지용성 비타민과 기타 특수한 영양성분의 운반체로서 높은 영양적 가치를 갖는다. 지방성분은 음식물로부터 섭취가 불가능할 경우에는 체내에서 탄수화물이나 단백질을 기질로 하는 대사과정에서 합성되어 지질 또는 필수지방산과 지용성 비타민은 식품으로 지방질과 함께 흡수되어야 하므로 식품의 한 성분으로 지방의 중요성을 인정받고 있다. 1960년대 이후 국민소득의 증가와 함께 식생활도 다양화되고 서구화 간편화되면서 지방 함량이 높은 식품과 유지를 이용한 식품의 소비가 증가하였고 전체적인 유지 소비량도 늘어나는 추세에 있다. 60년대 초에는 총열량 중 지방이 차지하는 비율이 $6\%$ 정도였으나 최근에는 급격히 증가되어 2000년말 현재 $25.5\%$로 증가하였다. 97년까지 계속 증가하던 공급 에너지량은 98년 IMF의 영향으로 2,799 kcal까지 감소했으나 99년 들어 IMF 이전 수준으로 회복되었다. 또한 연간 일인당 순 식용유지류 공급량은 1990년대 까지 급격히 증가하였으나 이후로는 소폭 증가하는 추세이다. 2000년말 현재 식용유지 총 공급량은 76만2 천톤으로써 99년 73만5 천톤에 비해 2.7만톤이 증가하였다. 1998년 IMF 시기를 제외하고는 공급물량은 계속해서 증가 추세이다. 특히 1998년도에 비하여 2000년도에 식물성 유지는 2배 가까이 증가하였으나, 동물성 유지는 절반 이하로 감소되는 추세이며 공급물량으로 보면 대두유, 팜유가 주요 유종으로 식물유지 전체에서 차지하는 비중이 $72.3\%$로 압도적이다. 라면용 튀김기름과 마가린 쇼트닝의 원료로서 대부분 사용되는 팜유를 제외하고 가정용 식용유의 대부분을 차지하는 대두유가 이처럼 식용유지 시장의 대부분을 차지하게 된 이유는 첫째, 90년대 초반 수입 자유화 이후 타 유종 대비 낮은 가격을 형성하여 유지업체가 수입을 늘린 것이고 둘째로는 국내에서 대두유와 대두박을 생산하는 대두가공업체의 안정적 대두유 공급이 주요 원인이라고 할 수 있다. 식용유지의 시장규모는 식품공전상 식용유지로 분류된 제품들의 2000년도 출하액으로 보면 약 6,616 억원 정도이다. 한편 유종이 단순했던 가정용 식용유지 시장이 최근 새로워지고 있다. 주로 조리용으로 사용했던 것에서 건강을 생각하는 품목으로 바뀌는 경향이다. 아직은 가정용에서 대두유가 가장 많지만 옥배유나 채종유 더 나아가 건강이미지의 식용유인 홍화유 올리브유 해바라기유등이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 한편 기존 식용유가 비만의 원인인 것 때문에 기피되던 것에서 새롭게 다이어트용 식용유 제품이 출시되어 시장에 새 바람이 불고 있다. 일본 식용유지 시장규모는 물량으로 172 만톤, 금액으로는 2,786 억엔(약 2조7860 억원) 수준이다. 지난 10년간 증가율은 물량 측면에서 약 $5\%$정도 신장하고 금액으로는 큰 증감이 없었다. 식용유는 조리의 기초 소재로서 안정한 수요를 갖고 있지만 주요 유종인 샐러드유의 가격이 하락하여, 전체적으로 시장이 물량이 증가하면서도 매출액이 신장하지 못하여 시장규모는 축소되었다고 할 수 있다. 일본 식용유지 업계의 제품동향을 보면 거의 모든 업체가 가정용 시장에서 건강 기능성 식용유지를 출시하고 있다는 점이다. 물론 일본은 건강기능성 식품에 대한 제도적인 뒷 받침이 되어 있어 기능성 식품의 시장출시가 용이한 점이 가정용 시장에 큰 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 유지 산업의 고부가가치화를 위해서는 전통적인 산업의 제품과 기술만으로는 달성하기 어렵다. 국내와 일본 식용유지 업계의 경향을 참고해 볼 때 차별화된 식용유지 제품과 기술의 개발이 절실히 필요하다. 앞서 언급한 고부가가치 제품과 기술 관련 사향을 바탕으로 국내 유지분야가 중점적으로 연구할 분야를 선정해 보면 리파제의 고정화 연구, 생물공학 기술을 활용한 효소의 개발과 이를 이용한 유지 가공 기술 연구, 유지성분의 유화 안정화 기술 연구, 식용유지의 선택적 수소경화 기술 연구 트랜스 지방산 저감기술연구, 효소 반응조 설계기술 연구, 지질 분자구조 분석기술 연구 분야 등이 유망하다. 상기와 같은 연구 분야를 육성하기 위해서는 유지 전문 인력의 육성, 해외 네트웍의 구축, 산학연 공동연구 추진, 국가적 차원의 정책 및 지원 등이 절실하다.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to test the effects of wholistic hospice nursing intervention program on pain and anxiety for in-patient of hospice palliative care unit. This study's design was one-group pre-post test quasi- experimental research. Methods: The subjects of study were 27 patients who were over 18 years old and admitted in hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The experimental group subjects participated in holistic hospice nursing program took 120 minutes per session, a total of 1,200 minutes altogether for 10 sessions. The period of data collection was from April 6, 2004 to April 20, 2005. The collected data were analyzed by Paired t-test with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. A Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program (named ‘Rainbow Program’) was used as a experimental tool in this study. This was developed by the authors. It was provided by interdisciplinary hospice team (nurses, medical doctors, social worker, pastors, art therapists, and volunteers). In addition, Korean Version of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-K) by Young-Ho Yun(1998) was used to test degree of pain in physical aspect. And State-Anxiety Inventory was developed by Spielberger(1975) and translated by Kim, Jung-Tack & Shin, Dong-Gyun(1978) was used to test the degree of state-anxiety in emotional aspect. Results: (1) Hypothesis No. 1 "The experimental group which received Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program will have a lower degree of pain than before" was supported (t=-10.585, P= .000). (2) Hypothesis No. 2 "The experimental group which received Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program will have a lower degree of state-anxiety than before" was supported (t=-8.234, P= .000). Conclusion: Our results testified that this Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program was effective to decrease pain and state-anxiety of the in-patients of hospice palliative care unit. Therefore it can be used and applied actively in practice as a useful model of interdisciplinary team approach by hospice professionals in hospice palliative care unit.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 2022

This study conducted a survey over spring and autumn from 2014 to 2020 to confirm the ecological characteristics of the size of streams and habitats, centering on the ecological landscape conservation area, and a total 256 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 105 families, 25 orders, 8 classes, and 5 phyla appeared. In terms of appearance species, by region, the rate of appearance of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera was high in regions consisting of lotic area and the rate of appearance of Coleoptera and Odonata was high in regions consisting of lentic areas. When comparing the population of Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) groups by region, they were classified into three groups: upstream area, mainstream area, and lentic areas, and it was confirmed that the population ratio of EPT changed as it moved from upstream to downstream. As the stream order increased, the number of species and populations increased. The Shredder group (SH) tended to decrease as the size of stream increased(r=0.9925), and the Collector-Filtering (CF) tended to increase as the size of stream increased(r=0.9319). It was confirmed that the Scraper (SC) replaced each other between species with the same ecological status as it went downstream from upstream, and it is thought that the SC did not differ significantly by stream order. In order to maintain a healthy ecosystem in the designation and management of ecological landscape conservation areas, it is necessary to consider ecological factors such as competition and physico-chemistry factors such as water quality and substrate conditions. Therefore, if the competent authority designated survey areas including buffer areas that include streams and physical habitats of various sizes, it will be advantageous to the conservative area and securing more biological resources.

• 주택과사람들
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• no.54 s.71
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• pp.185-206
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• 1996

1.건설제도의 국제화와 경쟁기반 구축 $\bullet$건설산업을 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$사후관리 등 전 분야에 걸쳐 경쟁력 있는 산업으로 육성-기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$유지관리 등 건설산업 전반에 관한 기본사항을 법제화-대규모 공사의 경우 발주자를 대신하여 건설공사의 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$발주$\cdot$감리$\cdot$시공관리 등 업무의 전부 또는 일부를 종합적으로 조정$\cdot$관리하는 $\lceil$건설사업관리$\rfloor$제도를 도입 $bullet$건설공사 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입을 통한 하도급제도의 정비-전문건설업자로부터 하도급, 위탁, 고용 등의 형태로 공사에 참여하는 현장근로자를 신고 받아 권익을 보호하고 시공책임도 부과하는 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입 $\bullet$공사완성보증제, 손해배상보증제도를 도입하고, 신용상태 $\cdot$시공능력에 따라 보증 요율 등을 차등화 하여 부실업체를 배제 $\bullet$건설공사관련 각종 계약서와 시방서 등 제기준을 정비하여 발주자$\cdot$시공자 등 건설주체간의 역할과 책임을 명확화$\bullet$건설분쟁을 신속하고 객관적으로 조정$\cdot$중재하기 위하여 $\lceil$건설분쟁중재원$\rfloor$으로 확대 개편 2. 건설인력의 육성과 고용안정$\bullet$경쟁력 제고의 관건인 우수인력 확보를 위하여 대학교육 제도의 개선을 포함한 건설 인력 수급대책을 추진 - 대학의 건설관련 학과 정원을 2000년까지 매년 일정규모로 증원하여 고급기술 인력을 배출 현재 50$\%$에 불과한 건설관련 국가기술자격자를 2000년에 70$\%$까지 제고 - 감리 등 전문인력을 양성하고, 선진외국 감리 회사를 활용하여 국내 업계와의 경쟁을 유도 $\bullet$건설현장의 최일선에서 품질을 담당하고 있는 건설기능공의 고용안정과 복지향상을 위한 획기적인 대책을 마련 - 건설기능공의 자긍심과 사회적 책임의식을 고취하기 위해 기능공이 여러 현장을 전전하여 근무하더라도 경력관리, 공제금 등의 합산 관리가 가능하도록 $\lceil$건설 근로자 복지카드$\rfloor$제도를 도입 *$\lceil$건실시연구단$\rfloor$을 구성$\cdot$구체적인 운영방안을 수립 - 건설 업체 실정에 맞는 현장위주의 기능검정제도 도입 $\cdot$자격증이 현장에서 요구되는 기능수준과 숙련도를 제대로 반영할 수 있도록 검정방법을 현장 실기위주로 개선하고 자격검정업무도 건설협회 등의 자격 검정능력을 향상시켜 위탁$\cdot$시행하는 방안을 검토 3. 공사시행기관의 전문성과 책임성 제고 $\bullet$시장이 개방되어 건설공사가 국제적인 관행에 따라 이루어질 것에 대비하여 시행기관에 계약$\cdot$공사관리 등 전문직공무원을 집중 교육하여 양성 $\bullet$ 조달청이 대행하여 공사계약을 하는 경우라도 설계변경은 발주기관이 자체적으로 할 수 있도록 허용 $\bullet$ 기술직 공무원의 기술향상을 위하여 관련 공무원의 확충, 해외연수, 현장교육 강화 등을 지속적으로 추진 $\bullet$ 충분한 사전조사를 거쳐 사업계획을 수립하도록 $\lceil$건설공사 시행절차$\rfloor$를 규정 $\bullet$ 공사기간 3년 이상의 공사에 대하여는 최대한 계속비사업으로 편성토록 계속비제도의 운영을 활성화 4. 건설현장의 품질관리체제 구축 $\bullet$ 현장배쳐플랜트 설치를 확대하여 레미콘의 품질관리를 일원화하고 현장에서 레이콘을 배합하는 건식공법을 채택 - 현장레미콘생산시설(B/P)설치 확대로 콘크리트 하자에 대한 책임한계 일원화 유도 - 레미콘 재료인 골재$\cdot$시멘트$\cdot$물을 공장에서 혼합하여 공급하는 현행 습식배합 대신에 물만을 현장에서 혼합하는 건식 배합방식을 도입 $\bullet$철강재$\cdot$철구조물의 품질을 보증하기 위하여 일정기술을 갖춘 공장에서만 제작토록 하는$\lceil$공장인증제$\rfloor$를 도입 - 제작시설과 품질관리 등을 심사하여 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 사후관리를 일괄 책임질 수 있도록 $\lceil$시공 및 유지관리 일괄계약제도$\rfloor$를 도입 - 대형교량$\cdot$소각로$\cdot$하수처리장 등 유지관리에 전문성이 요구되는 분야부터 시범적으로 도입 $\bullet$건설자재의 표준화$\cdot$정보화사업을 조속히 추진 5. 건설업체에 대한 지원 강화 $\bullet$일부 공공사업자의 경우 관행화되어 있는 대금일부의 어음 또는 채권지급방법을 단계적으로 축소 $\bullet$매월 감독이나 감리원의 기성확인에 의하여 시공자에게 공사대금을 직접 지급토록 하는 등 대금 지급절차를 간소화 6. 민간 건축물에 대한 안전확보 $\bullet$충실한 설계가 이루어지도록 제도를 개선 - 설계도서 작성기준을 제정하고 다중이용시설에 대하여는 건축심의단계에서 구조검토 등 설계심의를 의무화 $\bullet$대형다중이용시설에 대한 감리 강화 - 감리전문회사 수준의 감리체제로 전환하고 감리대가도 공공수준으로 인상하고 적용요율대로 지도$\cdot$감독 강화

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

Objectives:Within the normal reproductive cycles of women, dramatic fluctuations of sexual hormones occur in the premenstrual and menopausal periods. In both periods, women are vulnerable to mood disturbances and show several somatic complaints. Based on these common clinical profiles and physiological changes, a relationship between vasomotor symptoms and the premenstrual syndrome has been suggested. However, attempts to establish such a link have yielded inconclusive results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between histories of premenstrual syndrome and menopausal vasomotor symptoms within different menopausal stages. Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited Korean women aged 45-64 years who were perimenopausal and postmenopausal from 16 branch offices of the Korean Association of Health Promotion. All subjects completed self-report questionnaires that asked about a history of premenstrual syndromes, vasomotor symptoms, and several other variables. Results:A total of 1054 participants(361 perimenopausal women and 693 postmenopausal women) completed the study. Severity of premenstrual symptoms significantly correlated with postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms, only in late perimenopausal(r=0.213, p=0.010) and early postmenopausal women(r=0.246, p<0.001). After adjusting for several factors related to vasomotor symptoms, a history of premenstrual syndrome was a significant predictor of moderate to very severe vasomotor symptoms in late perimenopausal(OR=5.197, p=0.005) and early postmenopausal women(OR=3.017, p=0.010). Conclusions:This study suggests that a history of premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder is differentially associated with vasomotor symptoms in the menopausal stage. Prospective studies with larger population are needed to confirm these findings

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2007

Objective : This study was done to identify the status of Spiritual Well-Being in Nursing Students and to investigate the correlation between related various characteristics and Spiritual Well-Being and to provide baseline data for ride school-life and development of Spiritual-education program for nursing students. Method : The data was collected from 188 christian Nursing students by using questionary method. they are all all agreed to participate in this study. Their Spiritual Well-Being were measured using Spiritual Well-Being scale developed by Paloutzian & Ellison(1983) and translated by Choi(1990) and reversed by Kang(1996). Results : The data was analyzed by using SPSS/PC+12.0. The summary of results were as follows; 1. The mean score of Spiritual Well-Being were $63.95\pm10.256$(range from 20-80) 2. There were significant differences between the grade(F=6.101, p= .001), type of religion(F= 17.703, p= .000), In Christian, the level of devotee(F=8.194, p= .000), duration of church attendance(F=7.947, p= .000), regular attendance of chapel(F=4.242, p= .000), regular reading(study) of Bible and prayer (F=5.863, p= .001=0). perceived personal encounter with Jesus(F=4.160, p= .000), religion of parent(F=9.320, p= .000), perceived attitude of parenting(F=4.146, p= .000), hope to admit/transfer to other course or not(F=-2.050, p= .050). Conclusion : Our results were valuable to provide basic guidelines for ride school-life and for the development of Spiritual-education program for Nursing students.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Hospice should help a patient maintain spiritual well-being and its attitudes toward death can have great effects on treatment and nursing of patients on terminal patient. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death due to taking a Hospice Subject in Nursing Students This is a comparative study design in which 31 senior nursing students of taking a hospice care subject and 27 senior nursing students of not taking a hospice care subject in college of nursing K university, that is located B metropolitan city in Korea. The instruments for spiritual well-being measuring tools was Kim's (2006) revision and complement of the translation by Choe (1990) on the basis of the spiritual well-being scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison (1983). The instruments for attitudes toward death was researches revision and complement of the translation by Kim(1992) on the basis of the attitudes toward death Measuring Tool developed by Thorson and Powell (1988). Data were collected from June 1 through June 30, 2006; the researcher got permission from the subjcts, explained objectives of the research to subjects personally and got their permission, and distributed structured questionnaires to make a response in a self-administered basis. For data analysis, an SPSS WINDOWS 12.0 program was used for frequency, percentage, the mean, standard deviation, the minimum, the maximum, x2-test, ANCOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The main results of this research are as follows: 1. There were no differecnces the degree of spiritual well-being and the degree of attitudes toward death between nursing students who took a hospice subject and nursing students who did not take a hospice Subject, except several items of attitudes toward death. There was significant positive correlation (r= .508, p= .000) between subjects spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death. That is, the higher spiritual well-being, the more positive attitudes toward death. In conclusion, although there were no differecnces spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death between nursing students who took a hospice care subject and nursing students who did not take a hospice care subject, in nursing students, spiritual well-being was relatively high and their attitudes toward death was relatively positive. To help a nursing students make a positive change in attitudes toward death, a nursing intervention program is necessary to improve spiritual well-being.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.19-33
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• 2003

Cancer causes many crises to cancer patients imcluding physical dysfunction and emotional changes such as anxiety, depression as well as a threat of life, fear of death. As it develops, cancer makes people feel powerlessness due to the losses of their own positions, roles and independence. Although occupying a little proportion among all types of cancer, head and neck cancer may cause a wide range of physical transformation by surgical operation, damage to active functions such as eating and speaking, provoke anxiety and depression after its operation, influencing the quality life of head and neck cancer patients. Thus nursing intervention should be developed to provide supportive nursing for head and neck cancer patients and play roles as competent supporters. This study is a nonequivalent, control group, pretest-posttest, non-synchronized quasi-experimental research design to determine, how nursing intervention has effects on anxiety, depressing of head and neck cancer and operated. They were divided into experimental and comparison groups, each consisting of 20 members. The data were collected during the period from December 1, 1999 to April 11, 2000. Tools of the study included the protocol of supportive nursing intervention which was developed by researcher with reference to a literal review and esperts' advice. The measurement tool of anxiety was consisting of totaled 20 question items which was prepared by Spielberger and translated by Kim et al., the device of depression measurement consisting of total 20 question items which was the output of Song's translation the device of depression self-evaluation from Zung. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC 9.0 program. The homogeneity of the subjects were tested using x2-test and t-test. 5 hypoteses were tested using t-test. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. 1.The first hypothesis that the experimental group receiving supportive nursing intervention shows a little anxiety than the control group not receiving supportive nursing intervention was supported(t=3.817, P=.000). 2.The second hypothesis that the experimental group receiving supportive nursing intervention shows a little depression than the control group not receiving supportive nursing intervention was supported(t=8.089, P=.000). Consequently, supportive nursing intervention was found an effective nursing intervention strategy to reduce anxiety and depression of head and neck cancer patients. Providing supportive nursing intervention in nursing practice can enhance the quality of life of those cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.18-27
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• 2020

This study compared and analyzed the results of proficiency testing between testers based on the international standard ISO/IEC 17043 proficiency testing requirements using ISO/IEC 25023 software quality characteristics evaluation. Application of the test was submitted to the KASTO as a software test in the electric test field defined by KOLAS. Among ISO/IEC 25023, the evaluation items for proficiency testing between testers were selected as functional completeness and time behavior. The comparison test between testers was carried out on May 28, 2019 at the accredited LG Electronics SW Laboratory in Seoul and attended by KOLAS assessors. The test evaluation method was measured once per tester with functional completeness, and measurement was repeated 10 times per tester according to time behavior. As a result, in the case of functional completeness, all 12 test steps were passed, and the satisfaction was evaluated. Time behavior was repeated 10 times, and the mean was 9.45 ± 0.01 seconds for testers 1 and 3 and 9.52 ± 0.0 seconds for tester 2, but there was no statistically significant difference. In conclusion, the proficiency of the testers was equal, and the reliability of the test results of the test institute was confirmed.