• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

This study generated regression models to quantify storage and annual uptake of carbon from five native landscape tree species through a direct harvesting method, and established essential information to estimate carbon reduction effects from urban greenspaces. Tree species for the study included the Chionanthus retusus, Prunus armeniaca, Abies holophylla, Cornus officinalis, and Taxus cuspidata, which are usually planted in cities of middle Korea, but for which no information on carbon reduction is available. Ten tree individuals for each species were sampled reflecting various stem diameter sizes at a given interval. The study measured biomass for each part including the roots of sample trees to compute total carbon storage per tree. The annual carbon uptake per tree was quantified by analyzing the radial growth rates of stem samples at breast height or ground level. Regression models were developed using diameter at breast height (dbh) or ground level (dg) as an independent variable to easily estimate storage and annual uptake of carbon per tree for each species. All the regression models showed high fitness with $r^2$ values of 0.92~0.99. Storage and annual uptake of carbon from a tree with dbh of 10 cm were greatest with C. retusus (20.0 kg and 5.9 kg/yr, respectively), followed by P. armeniaca (17.5 kg and 4.5 kg/yr) and A. holophylla (13.2kg and 1.8 kg/yr) in order. A C. officinalis tree and T. cuspidata tree with dg of 10 cm stored 9.3 and 6.3 kg of carbon and annually sequestered 3.2 and 0.6 kg, respectively. The above-mentioned carbon storage equaled the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 23~35 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and A. holophylla, and 11~16 L for C. officinalis and T. cuspidata. A tree with the diameter size of 10 cm annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 6~10 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and C. officinalis, and 1~3 L for A. holophylla and T. cuspidata. The study breaks new ground to easily quantify biomass and carbon reduction for the tree species by overcoming difficulties in direct cutting and root digging of urban landscape trees.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.4-23
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• 2010

Danggol, in other words the hereditary shaman, is a person who is performing the Gut(the Korean shamanistic ritual) as the job but fortuneteller simply tells someone's fortunes. Nowadays most of fortunetellers think their works are wholly managed the Gut as the holy jobs. But Generally this kinds of jobs, we think it is lower than ordinary people's level of education in the korea. Actually we can meet eleven fortunetellers who have a college diploma out of them, so we can know that their education's level is increasing gradually. On the other hand a house of fortunetellers is the place where can lead the way of our lives in the method of seeing one's past life or making predictions of someone's coming events etc. Gradually this place seems to be separated with a private home, so the most of them is managing as the monthly rent. Consequently this houses are heavily located at the Gyerim five-way crossing, the Yang-dong Dakjeonmeory street, Jungheung-dong local culture street area. Each fortunetellers have the different ways of fortune-telling because this methods are decided by their one's characters. So their fortune-telling time and its time required for a task is far different. The methods of telling it is very much different in accordance with the learning fortuneteller or spiritualistic fortuneteller. But the process of fortune-telling is common like as a preparatory stage, carrying a Jumsa(fortune-telling) stage and acting by a Jumsa stage. These steps are sequential but linked together. There are six special features of fortune-telling culture in Gwang-Ju. 1. The role of a fortuneteller and Bosal(spirit-descended shaman) runs at the same time. 2. The house of fortune-telling is doing Gutdang(ritual house)'s works. 3. Its location are heavily collectivized at the specific districts. 4. The learning fortuneteller are increasing gradually. 5. The youth are growing use in the fortune-telling house. 6. There are many person that are visiting this house because of individual problems not their family's problems.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.131-152
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to find out the spatial characteristics of the relationships between urban large retailer and agro-food suppliers. For this purpose, Dong-A department store which is one of the most famous local distribution company was selected as a case study firm. The case study company has its own systematic food supply chain in the process of food procurement, selection, delivery, and marketing. It mainly does businesses in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province, but also procures and delivers products all around the country. Customers' recent concerns over the freshness and the period of circulation made the company use the local physical distribution system that it purchases products in nearby areas and perform procurement and delivery in nationwide areas. It is identified that trading types are significantly different by locations of suppliers in that more thin 40$\%$ of suppliers in Daegu are food manufacturers, whereas suppliers in Gyeongbuk mainly belong to the ones in fresh food production areas. In terms of durability of the retailer-supplier relation, the case study firm has relatively long-term relationship with suppliers, maintaining the relationship fer over 5 years in more than 70$\%$ of suppliers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to investigate identification of lactic acid bacteria and changes of organic acid during aging of traditional Kyungsando Squid sikhe. Lactobacillus brevis SH-1, Lactobacillus plantarum SH-2, and Leuconostoc mensenteroides SH-3, which were isolated from Kyungsando Squid sikhe were selected for fermentation. The viable cell and lactic acid bacteria counts of squid sikhe was increased on fermentation days, and slowly decreased after 10 days of fermentation. The viable cell and lactic acid bacteria counts of standard sikhe at 6 days fermentation was $3.7{\times}10^9$ and $8.2{\times}10^8\;CFU/g$, respectively. The organic acid of squid sikhe consisted of 7 kinds including lactic acid during fermentation. The contents of citric acid, succinic acid, and lactic acid gradually increased during fermentation, and especially, increasing of lactic acid remarkably increased than the different organic acid. The contents of acetic acid and tartaric acid slowly increased after 7 days of fermentation.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.28
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• pp.155-180
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• 2011

This study presents how to vitalize the record management of the provinces by investigating the current issues and by identifying the universality and the distinctiveness of the record management in local agencies. However, it only deals with the system of the record management, focusing on the history of the provinces. Although the related projects conducted by the provinces of Korea consist of various types, including publishing the local history, creating the activities of local cultural institutes, and collecting and organizing the historical records, these have not been active in many regions with insignificant achievements. In this regard, local self-governing bodies need to actively fulfill the duty of the management not only for the administrative archives but also for the historical archives by aggressively interpreting the associated parts suggested by the Act on the Management of Public Archives. Ultimately, it is proper to integrate theses two functions. Moreover, an effective collection is the core part of the record management of history. Therefore, a 'committee' with experts should provide in-depth views from planning to post-processing stages. Meanwhile, a consensus on the importance and the necessity of the historical archive management between owners and concerned parties should be formed during the collection process. In conclusion, each local autonomous entity should make sure of the active record management of history through establishing their own mid to long-term development plans, securing experts in archive management, as well as providing the service for record contents.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2021

Recently, posts and opinions on tourist attractions are actively shared on social media. These social big data provide meaningful information to identify objective images of tourist destinations recognized by consumers. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the tourist image is possible by analyzing these big data on tourism. The study is to analyze destination images in Gangwon-do using big data from social media. It is wanted to understand destination images in Gangwon-do using semantic network analysis and then provided suggestions on how to enhance image to secure differentiated competitiveness as a destination for tourists. According to the frequency analysis results, as tourism in Gangwon-do, Sokcho, Gangneung, and Yangyang were mentioned at a high level in that order, and the purpose of travel was restaurant tour, gourmet food, family trip, vacation, and experience. In particular, it was found that they preferred day trips, weekends, and experiences. Four suggestions were made based on the results. First, it is necessary to develop various types of hotels, accommodation facilities and experience-oriented tour packages. Second, it is necessary to develop a day-to-day travel package that utilizes proximity to the Seoul metropolitan area. Third, it is necessary to promote traditional restaurants and local food. Finally, it is necessary to develop tourist package suitable for healing and family travel. Through this research, the destination image of Gangwon-do was identified and a tourism marketing strategy was presented to improve competitiveness. It also provided a theoretical basis for the use of the big data of tourism consumers in the field of tourism business.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2010

Currently, our society has been changed from the industrial society to the information society. As the war progresses to Information Warfare, Network-Centric Warfare, Long-Range Precision Engagement and Robot Warfare, the military should advance to High-tech Scientific force. For this creation of the war potential, it is regarded as the warfighting experiment is a critical method. Surely it is rational that LVC(Live Virtual Constructive simulation) is desirable to make the warfighting experiment. But because it is limited by the cost, the time, the place and the resource, the constructive simulation(M&S : Modeling&Simulation) is a good tool to solve those problems. There are some studies about the evaluation process for developing the model, but it is unsatisfying in the process of the constructive simulations' operation. This study focuses on the way of constructive simulation operation, which is supplied with the evaluation process(VV&A : Verification Validation & Accreditation). We introduce the example of the rear area operation simulation for "appropriateness evaluation to the organization of logistic corps" by the AWAM(Army Weapon Analysis Model). This study presents the effective methods of the constructive simulations, which is based on the reliable evaluation process, so it will contribute to the warfighting experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2023

This study attempts to examine the process of establishing a Japanese-style garden in the modern period through the perspectives of garden designers, spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used in their works, and to use it as data for embodying the identity of Korean garden. The results are as follows: First, by incorporating elements associated with Koreanness into the modern garden culture, there are differences in location, presence, and subjectivity when compared to Japan. This reflects Japan's relatively seamless cultural continuity compared to Korea's cultural disconnection during the modern period. Second, prior to the modern period, Japan's garden culture spread and continued to develop throughout the country without significant interruptions. However, during the modern period, the Meiji government promoted the policy of 'civilization and enlightenment (Bunmei-kaika, 文明開化)' and introduced advanced European and American civilizations, leading to the popularity of Western-style architectural techniques. Unfortunately, the rapid introduction of Western culture caused the traditional Japanese culture to be overshadowed. In 1879, British architect Josiah Condor guided Japanese architects and introduced atelier and traditional designs of Japanese gardens into the design. The garden style of Ogawa Jihei VII, a garden designer in Kyoto during the Meiji and Taisho periods, was accepted by influential political and business leaders who sought to preserve Japan's traditional culture. And a protection system of garden was established through the preparation of various laws and regulations. Third, as a comprehensive analysis of Japanese modern gardens, the examination of garden designers, Japanese components, materials, elements, and the Japanese-style showed that Yamagata Aritomo, Ogawa Jihei VII, and Mirei Shigemori were representative garden designers who preserved the Japanese-style in their gardens. They introduced features such as the creation of a Daejicheon(大池泉) garden, which involves a large pond on a spacious land, as well as the naturalistic borrowed scenery method and water flow. Key components of Japanese-style gardens include the use of turf, winding garden paths, and the variation of plant species. Fourth, an analysis of the Japanese-style elements in the target sites revealed that the use of flowing water had the highest occurrence at 47.06% among the individual elements of spatial composition. Daejicheon and naturalistic borrowed scenery were also shown. The use of turf and winding paths were at 65.88% and 78.82%, respectively. The alteration of tree species was relatively less common at 28.24% compared to the application of turf or winding paths. Fifth, it is essential to discover more gardens from the modern period and meticulously document the creators or owners of the gardens, the spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used. This information will be invaluable in uncovering the identity of our own gardens. This study was conducted based on the analysis of the process of establishing the Japanese-style during Japan's modern period, utilizing examples of garden designers and gardens. While this study has limitations, such as the absence of in-depth research and more case studies or specific techniques, it sets the stage for future exploration.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.46
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• pp.195-237
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• 2014

Palsapum are ornaments to reveal the purpose of commander of three naval forces as well as symbols to remember the greatness of admiral Yi, Sun-Shin. In 1966, ther were designated as a treasure No. 440 based on their value; however, they have not received attention from academia because they are relics from China. This study compares and analyzes the document, paintings, and relevant references from Korea and China focusing on Palsapum, understands their formal characteristics, and examines their historical value such as years and location of creation. As a result, the study determines five of them are original, but three of them were newly created by the later generations. The five, Dodogin (都督印, Commander's seal)·Yeongpae (令牌, Commander's tablet)·Gwido (鬼刀, Replica of the devil sword)·Chamdo (斬刀, Replica of the decapitation swor d)·and Gognapal (bugle) were created by Ming Dynasty before 1598, and delivered by the hands of General Chen Lin. The other three, Dokjeongi (督戰 旗, Battle flag)·Hongsoryeonggi (紅小令旗, Commander's flag)·and Namsoryeonggi (藍小令旗, Commander's flag), were created in 19th century by Joseon Dynasty. After analysis on the former relics, the study determines that they are not official relics with the dignity of Ming Dynasty but personal relics with regional characteristics; in other words, Palsamun are not the royal gifts from Emperor Shenzong to Admiral Yi, Sun-Shin. but personal momentoes left by General Chen Lin in the Tongjeyoung to celebrate the admiral. The names, variety, numbers, and appurtenances of Palsapum have been changed with time as follows. First, the scholars of Jeseon in 17the century only focused on Dodogin. It was certainly created in Ming Dynasty; however, it was a personal stamp, so considered to be not from the emperor but from General Chen Lin. Second, Palsapum was called Palsamul and consisted of 14 pieces of 8 kinds in 18the century, ; it is confirmed on the 「Dosul(圖說, stories with pictures of」 『Yi Chungmugong Literary Collection』 The sizes of five relics including Dodogin are similar to the records, but their patterns and shapes are exotic, or cannot be found in Joseon. Thus, they reflect the regional characteristics of Guangdong province. Third, they were called Palsapum, and consisted on 15 pieces of 8 kinds in 19th century; it is confirmed on , a sixteen-fold folding screen drawn by Shin, Gwan-Ho in 1861. The stamp box, tablet bag, and three flags were newly created to engrave Joseon style letters and patterns on damageable materials such as leather and cloth. The relics easy to be destroyed have been renewed even after 19th century. Last, there are many misunderstandings about Palsapum by governmental indifference and improper management of records even though they were designated as a treasure in very early times. Thus, authorities should be concerned with Palsapum to provide the measures for stable maintenance of the relics; this will let people remember not only the history of cooperation between Korea and China to stop the Japanese ambition, but also Admiral Yi, Sun-Shin and General Chen Lin to bring victory in Japanese invasions of Korea.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine the process of plant succession through vegetation invasion and to select appropriate endemic plant species for rapid stabilization and good visual effect on cut-slopes of forest roads. Establishing total of sixty $1m{\times}1m$ sample plots. fifteen for each forest road constructed in the year of '93 (six-year-old), '95(four-year-old), '97(two-year-old), and '98(one-year-old), the ecological attributes of invading vegetation on cut-slopes were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of vegetation coverage was highly associated with soil hardness and aspect of cut-slope. Higher rate of vegetation coverage was caused by larger number of invading plant species. 2. The dominant woody species were Rubus crataegifolius, Rhus chinensis, Lespedeza bicolor, Salix hulteni, Alnus hirsuta, and Pinus densiflora. The visual attractive for the fruit of Rubus crataegifolius and the autumn coloration of Rhus chinensis was noteworthy. The dominant herbaceous species were Youngia sonchifolia, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and Lysimachia clethroides in all study forest roads. Spring flower of Potentilla freyniana and Viola rossii: summer flower of Lysimachia clethroides, Commelina communis, Glycine soja. Persicaria sieboldi, and Oenothera odorata: and autumn flower of Artemisia stolonifera and Impatiens textori were abundant and remarkable. 3. The diversity index of woody species tended to be increased as years passed after construction, and that of herbaceous species were decreased. 4. The dominance of Th of dormancy form was early high in the first year of construction, getting decreased thereafter. And that of MM + M + N was increased as years passed after construction. but that of Ch+H+G+Th+HH was decreased. 5. The degrees of succession were estimated by 359, 111, 97, and 87 for the construction year of '93, '95, '97, and '98. respectively, increased as years passed after construction.