• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.523-536
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• 2024

This article examines the types of abalone as recorded in 17 royal protocols studies of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The types of abalone food during the Joseon dynasty appeared. The frequency of the Abalone types during the Joseon dynasty in order were; 'Tang with abalone' 37.4%, 'abalone-stir-fried(炒)' 12.8%, 'raw-abalone(膾)' & 'hwayangjeok with abalone' each 9.9%, 'abalone-sever(折)' 8.8%, 'steamed-abalone(蒸)' 7.0%, the other abalone food 6.2%, 'abaloneripening(熟)' 4.4%, 'echae(魚采)' 3.6%. In Jeonbokcho(全鰒炒), abalone and beef were generally used. In the stirfried(炒), raw(膾), hwayangjeok(花陽炙), steamed(蒸), ripening(熟), jeotgal(醢) and dumplings(饅頭) containing raw-abalone(生鰒), raw-abalone(生鰒) was used, and in other cases, abalone(全鰒) was used. This study, based on years of research on Euigwe, emphasizes the academic value of the author's new role and research outcomes. We anticipate that these findings will contribute to product development and the systematic establishment of Korean food culture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2001

The chemical, elemental and biochemical components of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) were investigated in order to quantify particulate organic matter (POM) and assess diet quality for suspension feeders in the southern coastal bay systems of Korea where the marine farming of the suspension feeders are most active, The intense field observation program was carried out seasonally in the three coastal bay systems of Chinhae, Gosung and Kangjin bays, The SPM was characterized as collective properties of organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PON), phosphorus (PP) and more refined collective properties of protein (PPr), carbohydrate (PCHO) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) compound. Although the three coastal bays are regarded as phytoplankton based ecosystem, the SPM is not composed entirely with phytoplankton cells. Due to the shallow water depth, resuspension of bottom sediment contributes significantly to some of the regions. Therefore, concentration of SPM in the surface water did not co-vary with Chl a or PPr, PCHO. In general, temporal variation of POC, PON and Chl a contents in seawater were closely associated with phytoplankton biomass in the three coastal bays, However, PPr and PCHO contents in seawater were higher in Chinhae bay than in Gosung and Kangjin bays and Chl a PPr-N ratio was higher in Chinhae bay than in Kosung and Kangjin bays, since Chinhae bay is more eutrophicated than other bays. Average C : N ratios from regressions of POC and PON of SPM were 6.6, 6.6 and 5.0 in Chinhae, Gosung and Kangjin bays, respectively. SPM in Chinhae and Gosung bays appears to be made of largely phytoplankton cells and SPM in Kangjin bay appears to be contributed from the bacterial biomass due to the shallow water depth. N : P ratios from regressions of PON and PP of SPM were 10.8 and 14.7 in spring, and 18.2 and 24.6 in Chinhae and Gosung bays, respectively. With respect to the hypothetical Redfield molecule, phytoplankton appears to be limited by the lack of N and f in spring and summer, respectively, in the two bays, In Kangjin bay, N : P ratios from regressions of PON and PP of SPM were varied from 6.3 to 12.8 throughout the year. The low N : P ratio with resepct to the hypothetical Redfield molecule, phytoplankton growth appears to be limited by the lack of N-nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1984

Physical and chemical survey on western channel of the Korea Strait was made using oceanographic data from July 25 to July 31, 1983. Four water types were distinguished at western channel: runoff of the Nakdong River, Tsushima Current Waters, Keoje Coastal Waters, and Ulsan Coastal Waters. Influence of the Nakdong River was greater at Southern East Coast near Yeong-Do Island in Pusan than at Keoje Coast. General characteristics of these four water types were as follows : For runoff of the Nakdong River, transparency was within 3 m, water colour chinese yellow (number 11), surface temperature $18{\sim}19^{\circ}C$, salinity less than $31\%0$, surface dissolved oxygen (D.O.) $4.5{\sim}5.0ml/l$, contents of phosphate $0.25{\sim}0.5{\mu}g-at./l$ ; these values were the highest among these four water types. For Tsushima Current waters, transparency was greater than 15 m, waters color blue (number $2{\sim}4$), surface temperature about $23^{\circ}C$, salinity $32{\sim}33\%0$, and surface D.O. greater than 5,0 ml/l. Phosphate, nitrate and silicate were less than 0.25, 2.0, and $2.5{\mu}g-at./l$, respectively; these values were the lowest among these four water types. Keoje Coastal Waters had low temperature ranging $20{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ at surface, and high salinity greater than $33\%0$. D.O. was less than 5.0 ml/l, phoshpate, $0.5{\mu}g-at./l$ nitrate and silicate were less than $3.5{\mu}g-at./l$. Ulsan Coastal Waters had the lowest surface temperature among these four types; surface temperature was less than $16^{\circ}C$, salinity greater than $33.5\%0$, and D.O., phosphate and nitrate had very high values. It seems that these high values resulted from upwelling phenomena.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

Seawater, sediment and biota in the Kwangyang Bay were analyzed by gas chromatography/quartz furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-QFAAS) to investigate concentrations and distribution pattern of butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT, MBT) during February, April and July, 1996, Marine biota analyzed were Tapes japcnicus and Crassostrea gigas. The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in seawater were in the range of ND-15.7 ng/L for the surface and ND-68.5 ng/L for the bottom. The highest concentration of TBT in seawater was detected in April for the both, surface and bottom water. The maximum value of $TBT_{(bottom)}/TBT_{(surface)}$, 3.6 in April showed the increased input of TBT from the surface water in April compared to February (2.1) and July (0.9). The concentrations of TBT in the sediment were in the range of ND-8.5 ng/g dry wt. The highest concentration of TBT in the sediment was measured in July, This result seems to attributed to the removal of TBT from water column via sorption onto particulate matters to the relatively undisturbed underlying sediment and increased input of TBT by increased fluxes of detritus of marine plankton after spring bloom, in July. The mean values of partitioning coefficient ($K_d$) of TBT between seawater and sediment were $3.0\times10^3$(February), $7.4\times10^3$(April) and $9.4\times10^3$(July). The concentrations of TBT in biosamples were in the range of ND-93.30 ng/g dru wt. (T. japonicus) and ND-138.53 ng/g dry wt. (C. gigas). The seasonal variation of TBT contents in biota was remarkable. The $K_d$ (biological concentration factor) was $7-41\times10^3$ for T. japonicus. and $5-34\times10^3$ for C. gigas. The measured TBT concentrations in seawater in the study area was sufficient to cause the imposex of shellfish and to retard the growth of aquatic organisms including oyster upon chronic exposure.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1970

As an attempt to determine if the morphological differences between the southern and western oysters are due simply to the local ecological factors or are based on their fundamental genetic nature, oyster seeds produced in 1968 at Tong-Young, Ye-Chun, and Ko-Hung on the south coast and at Kan-Wol-Do on the west coast were cross-transplanted during May of 1969 to compare their growth. The spats were placed in plastic baskets which permitted free water flow through and the baskets hung from a wooden rack located at a tidal zone of less than I hour exposure at a depth chosen to keep the baskets submerged in water at all times. Twice a month the growth of the spats were measured along with the air and water temperature and salinity. The early summer spats, which were $17-240\%$ larger, in size, than the late summer spats at the time of cross-transplantation, grew more slowly than the late summer spats when exposed to identical environmental conditions, shortening the initial gap to a $5-20\%$ level as the first year of the growth phase came to an end in December. The growth of the Kan-Wol-Do spats lagged considerably behind the southern spats at all localities tested, whereas there were no significant differences among the latter groups. This suggests that the morphological differences between southern and western Pacific oysters in Korea are a manifestation of genetic variety and that Pacific oysters cultured along the south coast are of an identical variety as they are commonly believed to be. The seasonal changes in temperature and salinity even during rainy season in both the southern and western coastal areas are well within the range suitable for successful spawning, and spat fall. However, since the results were based on twice-a-month measurements with no data covering the critical period before and after spawning, they can only serve to indicate at best the general pattern of changes in the environmental conditions of each growing area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.706-712
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• 1999

PSD (particle size distribution) for 2,000 mg/$\ell$ natural loess in seawater showed normal distribution cure at 0 minute settling time, accompanying with very large particle distribution range with its mean particle diameter of 31.6 $\mu$m and coencient of variance of $72.6\%$, With elapsed time it showed that the PSD was rapidly changed from normal distribution cure to abnormal distribution curve, steepened the right-hand side of it and its coefficient of variance was getting increased because of rapid settling of large size particles, Cumulative weight distribution showed that 2,000 mg/$\ell$ natural loess in seawater was almost $100\%$ constituted of particles bigger than 20 $\mu$m in diameter. Ratio of $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ for loess particles in seawater was increased with increase of particle size in geometrical progression. Almost all loess particles in seawater had Stokes settling velocity not less than 2,255 times of Brownian diffusion coefficient, There was almost to EDL (about 0.4 nm) around natural loess particles in seawater, Thus, there was always LVDW attractive force between loess particles approaching each other in seawater, and almost no EDL repulsive force. Loess particles were not always in the condition of easy floe formation. Concentration of natural loess in seawater increasing from 400 mg/$\ell$ to 10,000 mg/$\ell$, characteristics of the settling was changed from Type I settling (discrete settling) to Type II settling (flocculation settling). PVD (particle volume distribution) showed that natural loess particles in seawater were largely constituted of two types of particles, such as rapidly settling particles and suspended and dispersed particles for a long time. Amount of the latter was much less than that of the former.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 1999

Carotenoid pigments of echiurid, Urechis unicinctus were investigated during March, April and May as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigments for the marine organisms other than pisces. Total carotenoid contents were found to be 1.19 mg/100 g in March, 0.98 mg/100 g in April and 0.84 mg/100 g in May, indicating that total carotenoid content was negatively affected by the temperature of sea water that echiurid resided. The carotenoid isolated in March composed of $16.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $14.8\%$ $\beta$-carotene and $12.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $8.4\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $8.2\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $7.3\%$ diatoxanthin diester $4.2\%$ astaxanthin $2.9\%$ diatoxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ cynthiaxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $0.8\%$ zeaxanthin and $0.5\%$ lutein. The carotenoid isolated in April composed of $21.9\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $17.2\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester and $16.6\%$ $\beta$-carotene $10.9\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.6\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $4.9\%$ diatoxanthin diester, $3.1\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.3\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.7\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.5\%$ lutein, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.0\%$ cynthiaxanthin and $1.0\%$ zeaxanthin diester. Similarly, the carotenoid isolated in May composed of $25.3\%$ diatoxanthin monoester, $19.7\%$ cynthiaxanthin monoester, $13.0\%$ $\beta$-carotene, and $12.6\%$ zeaxanthin monoester, $5.8\%$ cynthiaxanthin diester, $5.1\%$ diatoxanthin, $3.0\%$ astaxanthin, $2.4\%$ triol, $2.2\%$ diatoxanthin, $1.3\%$ isocrytoxanthin, $1.2\%$ zeaxanthin, $1.1\%$ zeaxanthin diester, $1.0\%$ lutein and $0.9\%$ cynthiaxanthin. Based on these data, monoester-type carotenoids ($37.1\~57.6\%$) and diester-type carotenoids ($11.5\~17.2\%$) of total carotenoids in echiurid were the major carotenoids. Meanwhile, when the sea water temperature was elevated and the contents of total carotenoid in echiurids were decreased, the contents of zeaxanthin monoester, diatoxanthin monoester and cynthiaxanthin monoester were increased, but the contents of zeaxanthin diester, diatoxanthin diester and cynthiaxanthin diseter were decreased, indicating that changes in ester-type caroteoids were differently affected by the sea water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.442-450
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• 1997

The chemical properties of water masses were investigated at 33 stations of the southeastern last Sea in February, 1995 on board R/V Tam-Yang. The water masses were not clearly distinguished due to the vortical mixing in winter. However, on the basis of the T-S and $T-O_2$ diagrams, water masses in the study area were divided into five groups (Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V). (1) $>9.0^{\circ}C,\;>34.35\;psu,\;5.08\~5.60m\ell/\ell$ at Type I, (2) $6.0\~9.0^{\circ}C,\;34.15\~34.35\;psu,\;5.60\~5.90\;m\ell/\ell$ at Type II, (3) $4.0\~6.0^{\circ}C,\;34.00\~34.15\;psu,\;>5.90m\ell/\ell$ at Type III, (4) $1.5\~4.0^{\circ}C,\;34.00\~34.05\;psu,\;5.40\~5.90\;m\ell/\ell$ at Type IV, (5) $<1.5^{\circ}C,\;34.05\~34.07\;psu,\;4.80\~5.40\;m\ell/\ell$ at Type V. In the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations were very low in the surface layer and increased rapidly with depth. The highest concentrations occurred in Type IV, while the concentrations in Type I were the lowest. The N/P ratios were less than Redfield ratio, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients were the limiting factor tor phytoplankton growth. The concentrations of POC and PON were in the range of $0.49\~20.03\;{\mu}g-at/\ell\;and\;0.09\~5.34\;{\mu}g-at/\ell$, respectively. The relatively high concentration occured in the surface layer of inner shore, showing that the concentration at each water mass followed the order Type I > Type II > Type III > Type IV > Type V, respectively. The C:N ratio in particulate organic matter was lower than the values reported in other region due to relatively high concentrations of PON in the study area. Relatively high ratios of POC to chlorophyll $\alpha$ during the study periods indicate that non-living detritus comparised most of the POC in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.611-616
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• 2001

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of seawater in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions, The samples were collected at 6 stations established once a month from January to December, 2000. During the study period, the ranges of temperature, transparency, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate and chlorophyll-a were $6.8\sim25.2^{\circ}C,\;1.0\sim2.5\;m,\;1.79\sim2.41\;mg/L,\;5.7\sim10.1\;mg/L,\;6.59\sim10.53{\mu}g-at/L,\;0.56\sim1.01{\mu}g-at/L\;and\;1.21\sim9.54\;mg/m^3$, respectively, The viable cell counts of seawater in Tongyeong harbor ranged from $3.0\times10^4CFU/mL\;to\;6.9\times10^6CFU/mL$. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of the samples were ranged $23\~4,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 540 MPN/100 mL) and $11\~1,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 210 MPN/100 mL), respectively, The coliform group was classified with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. Two hundred eighteen strains that were obtained from seawater samples in Tongyeong harbor represented Escherichia coli group, $66.1\%$; Citrobacter freundii group, $11.0\%$; Enterobacter aerogenes, $9.6\%$; and unknown, $13.3\%$, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of V. parahaemolyticus, V cholerae non-O1 and V. vulnificus were $10.0\sim30.1\%$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1976

In this study, noise arresting effect of the noise control room from the transmission of surrounding noise was tested when the packing noise control rooms were set up in the test room in which the prerecorded noise from an engine room was reradiated at the same level as the original pressure. The inner space of control room A is $3.389m^3(1.19\times1.19\times2.14m)$ having walls furnished with plywood board 9mm in thickness and noise control room door$(60\times45cm) $ and illumination lamp are placed. In case of the control room B, noise absorption board(10mm fiber board which holds the corntype concavity with diameter of 5mm, depth 5mm, space 15mm) is adhered to the internal ceiling and styrol foam boards(20mm) to the walls. The other struction is same as the control room A. Type C is the same as B except wool board(Glass Fiber, 33mm) on the walls. Type D is same as type A except that the thickness of wall is 12mm and wood pyramid type cone$(5\times5\times13cm)$ is adhered to the ceiling ana walls(Fig. 1). When the recorded noise and vibrated noise were controlled in various levels. The noise pressure which passed through the control rooms was measured by sound level meter(Bruel & Kjar 2205, measuring range 37-140dB). In order to calculate the absorption rate in the control rooms the noise pressure was measured at different distances when the recorded noise pressure was radiated. The followings are the results obtained from the experiment. 1. When the noise pressure of the test room was 60dB, transmission rate of type A was $69.7\%$ and increased $3.3\%$ per 10dB. At the same condition, the rate was $53.9\%$ and increased $4.5\%$ per 10dB in type D. Type D was the most effective in noise arresting of the four and the effect was D,C,B and A in order(Fig.2). 2. When the oscillator sound and vessels noise were radiated in 1,000Hz, at one meter distance to the type A and D, the oscillator sound pressure were 77dB and 73dB, while the vessels noise pressure were 73.3dB and 66.2dB respectivley(Fig.3). 3. Refering to the influence of the frequency to the lower oscillator sound(1,000Hz) pressure, both type C and D were almost same at 140cm but type C was 0.3dB lower than type D at 20cm distance(Fig.4).