• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1973

The results of ground vegetation experiment conducted at completely denuded forestland in the mudstone region are summerized as follows: On the reaults of soiling quantity the effect of soiling was observed where depth of soiling over 10 cm was practiced, and a plot where treated with 15cm soiling and without fertilizer showed poor growth and it was even worser than the plot where soiling was practiced only 1 cm in thikness but applied adequate amount of fertilizers. The depth of slits between 30cm and 40cm showed no significant difference in the effect. A plot where covered with vegetation bag showed somewhat better results in seed loss and early growth but no differences observed in the fall result over the none covered plot. And then, it is recommendable to have soiling over 10cm in thikness with slit of 30cm and 30cm in depth and to apply 30 gram of fertilizer (22;22:11, 50 gram) per slit. On various soiling materials trial there were no striking differences in the effect of soiling between weathered granite soil, wheathered tuffs soil and weathered mudstone soil. In the treatment with various green materials, a plot treated with straw mat showed a significant difference at 1 percent. The results show that weathered mudstone soil is effective to use as soiling materials and straw mat treatment was better. On forest fertilization trial, in the mudstone region where red and black pine trees already existing at a rate of 2,000-3,000 trees per hectare had applied 110kg of compound fertilizers (9:12:3 and 22:22:11) per hectare basis in terms of plant nutrient. As a result, the difference in effect between the compound fertilizers was not found however the leaf color and leaf length of the fertilizer added plot showed darker and longer at 30 percent over the no fertilizer received plot. Compound fertilizers, 14:37:12 and 9:12:3 were applied to alder trees at a rate of 20 gram and 40 gram per tree in terms of plant nutrient and a remarkable growth accelerantion was observed where 40 grams of plant nutrient applied. The effect difference between the compound fertilizers was not found. On investigation of tree root elongation, forty years old red pine trees showed only 15cm tap root elongation through mudstone while black pine had 23 cm tap root elongation. The total length of supporting root elongtion of red and black pines showed 20 and 13 meters, respectively. The tap roots of Black locusts were not able to elongate through mudstone, however, the supporting roots tended to develop to the underneath of pine tree where some moisture content is available. Black locusts And grown on the residual soil of mudstone normally die between 8 to 10 years. The red pine trees show flat in tree shape while black pine had triangle in the shape. With the results it can be said that in an artificial reforestation in denuded forest land of the mudstone region the adequate slit and enough amount of fertiliizer application must be provided for the succesful performance of the program. On integrated experimental results of 1972. for the establishment of ground vegetation on the completely denuded forest land in mudstone region, soiling could be effectively practiced with weathered mudstone soil and it would not specially necessiate to have either weathered granite or tuffssoil for the soiling. And the soiling depth should be more than 10 cm in thickness. Among green materials used the straw mat proved to be the most effective reatment. Three major factors which enable to establish ground vegetation by the shortest period of time: A. Physical improvement of soil is necessary to breakdown of the horizontal cracks sushas Slit, contour line plot, seeding hole and etc., and soiling with weathered mudstone soil. B. Chemical improvement of soil: is needed sufficient amount of fertilizer application 300~400kg ha, $N+P_2O_5+K_2O$), and increased production of ground covering and expedite resolution of the vegetation (ground vegetation, fallen leaves and twigs). C. Complete establishment of the basic structure for the erosion control (Prevention of surface soil erosion)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Acid deposition in forest adjacent to the industrial complexes causes soil acidification resulting in the leaching of cations, decreases of buffering capacity and increases of toxic metal concentrations such as Al, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil solution. Changes of nutrient availability equilibria by acid deposition have been known to retard the growth of pine trees. Objective of this research was to assess the critical ratios of Ca/Al and Mg/Al limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii in the hydroponic culture. The Ca concentration and Ca/Al ratio in stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Ca/Al molar ratio in the nutrient solution, but were not changed when the Ca/Al molar ratio was adjusted to greater than 1. Growth of Pinus thunbergii was inhibited at the Ca/Al molar ratio lower than l due to the Ca deficiency. The molar ratios of Ca/Al in the needles of Pinus thunbergii showed the similar tendency with the stalks. This indicated that Ca/Al molar ratio of 1 in the growth media was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii. Concentration of Mg and Mg/Al molar ratios in the stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Mg/Al molar ratio in nutrient solution. Molar ratios of Mg/Al in the needles were increased as increasing Mg/Al ratios in nutrient solution up to 0.83, which was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.322-328
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• 2004

Available nutrients in soil solution play key roles on the growth of plants, but the equilibria in soil solution can be disturbed by acid precipitation. In this study, we investigated the relationships between element concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and chemical properties of forest soil solutions in the industrial complexes as an effort to find the possible limiting factor(s) causing the forest decline. The Ca/Al molar ratios in needles of Pinus thunbergii collected from the control sites were 18. However, at Onsan and Ulsan industrial complexes, those were decreased to the ranges from 10 to 11 for the one-year old needles and from 9 to 10 for the two-year old needles. The Mg/Al molar ratios showed similar tendencies with the Ca/Al molar ratios of the needles of Pinus thunbergii. In the A horizon, there existed a significant correlation between Mg concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii and Ca/Al molar ratio of forest soil solution. Calcium concentrations in the needles of Pinus thunbergii in the B horizon were also significantly correlated with Ca/Al molar ratios of forest soil solutions. The uptakes of Ca and Mg by Pinus thunbergii were mainly limited by Al in the soil solutions of the A horizon and by Mn and Al in the soil solutions of the B horizon.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.376-380
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• 2012

A survey of bacterial species associated with Korean isolates of pine wood nematode (PWN) was performed. A total of 110 bacterial isolates were obtained from the PWN isolates that were previously isolated from Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis. Among the bacterial isolates, Cedecea neteri was most frequent (64 isolates) followed by Ewingella americana (21 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (15 isolates), Flavobacterium sp. (8 isolates) and Rahnella aquatilis (2 isolates). Both E. americana and Pseudomonas sp. which are assumed to be closely associated with PWN were examined for their phytotoxicity to P. thunbergii seedlings. Ethyl acetate extracts of Psuedomonas sp. (Ba2 strain) cultures were found to induce wilting and mortality in the tested seedlings. The three bacterial species, Pseudomonas sp. (Ba2 strain), E. ameircana (Ba4 strain) and C. neteri (Ba10 strain) were examined in vitro for their sensitivity to 21 kinds of antibiotics. All of the strains were highly susceptible to carbenicillin, doxcycline and tetracycline.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 1980

Effect of monoterpene composition in pine needles on the susceptibility to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) has been pursued. The pines studied include 5 susceptible and 2 resistant species. Also included were severely damaged or unaffected P. densiflora in the pine gall midge affected region. From the needles of the pine trees, 9 monoterpenes were identified by GLC. No correlationship, was found to hold in the monoterpene composition between pine gall midge susceptible and nonsusceptible pine species. Concentrations of limonene, however, gradually increased following oviposition in the unaffected P. densiflora while the concentrations of the monoterpene remained constant in the damaged P. densiflora. Effect of high limonene concentration in the needles of P. densiflora is discussed as a possible factor inducing resistance toward the pest in the unaffected Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2018

Philippines as one of the developing countries in Asia which is compose of more than 7000 islands. Air, Water and Land transportation are the means of travel in the country, however, transportation of goods and services between islands takes place through RoRo ships. There are about 154 RoRo routes connecting the islands in the Philippines and since its establishment, the incomes of the municipalities near the ports have increased by 7%. It is because of the increase of tourist, decrease of cost of transportation and travel time. In order to improve some of the routes in the Philippines, the researcher would like to suggest that the shipping companies should consider to upgrade some vessels. That is to have a vessel with a high-capacity storage for vehicles and goods so that mass transportation made. Another is that the ports need to be upgraded as well.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 1995

The damage rate according to the age of black pine trees in the Black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae was high from 7 to 22 year old trees. According to damaged degree of damaged trees, it showed great difference in infection rate of saprophitic fungi. The period until the developmental degree of saprophitic fungi became maximized degree of 7 was required about 48 days in dead tree of 100 percent, about 54 days in one of above than 80 percent, about 75 days in one of 40~50 percent, but the dead tree less than 10 percent and health tree was retained the 3~4 developmental degree of saprophitic fungi, after 80 days. The ring width of damaged trees showed as follows. The non damaged trees was 3.52 cm, 0.77 cm in the damaged trees of 100 percent, 0.88 cm in the ones of 80 percent, 1.22 cm in the ones of 40~50 percent and 1.37 cm in the ones of les than 10 percent, respectively. Number of cells per unit area was smaller in the case of greater damaged trees, gradually. Also moisture content was very high in greater damaged trees, and bending strength was lower. Extracts by the one percent NaOH showed a small amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.316-321
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• 1990

This study was carried out to indentify the mycorrhizal development and growth stimulation of Pinus thunbergii seedlings grown on soil growth media which mixed with various amounts of pine bark. The results were follow ; 1. Seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were significantly increased in number of short roots and mycorrhizal short roots, height, maximum growth rate, and leaf area than those of no-inoculation. 2. Mycorrhizal formation according to bark contents was highest by 25% bark treatment, and decreased in 50 and 75% bark contents. 3. Within the same treatment of bark content, seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius showed more increased height and leaf, stem, and root dry weight than those of no-inoculated.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

Flora of the Dokdo Islet, where located south-east from Ulnung Island, off the east coast of the Korean peninsula, recorded as 59 taxa; 29 families, 50 genus, 48 species, 1 sub-species, 9 varieties and 1 form. Dong-do (East islet) of Dokdo Islet, naturalized plants such as Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nipp-oleitera and Rumex crispus are widely ranged over the islet. The naturalizedplants affects the native species and their habitats of Artemisia japonica var. macrocephala, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sedum oryzifolium, Arabis stelleri var. japonica and Sedum kamtschaticum var takesimense in the islet. The trail in Seo-do (West islet) is heavily threatened by over-all weathering processes on the rock. The native woody species in the islet are Euonymous japonicus and Lonicera insularis, and the species such as Pinus thunbergii and Hibiscus syriacus are planted in the recent past under the IRP (Islet Restoration Program) by NGO. The Specific Plants, which is designated and categorized by the Ministry of Environment, Korea, such as Lilium lancifolium, Lysimachia mauritiana and Reynoutria sachalinensis are ranged. The ecosystem of Dokdo islet is seriously threatened by invadedplant species and building works for garrison and relevant facilities. The over-all long- and short-term strategies, based on interdisciplinary and integrated approaches for habitat restoration is needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.584-589
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• 1998

The study was carried out to investigate heavy metals of rainfall and soil at industrial, urban and rural area, and to estimate the relationship between rainfall and soil. Heavy metals of stemflow, throughfall and rainfall in Pinus thunbergii and Quercus spp were ordered Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd in industrial area, and Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd in urban area. All heavy metals were detected high in industrial areas, and especially those of industrial area were high in stemflow. Heavy metals in soil by distance from stem were highest in 20cm distance from stem. Soil heavy metals in survey sites were the same order as those of rainfall. The correlation of heavy metals between rainfall and soil were positive, the regression obtained was as follows ; Zn was Y=7.79+4.78X($r=0.8685^{**}$), Pb was Y=7.90+4.53X($r=0.7242^*$) and Cu was Y=3.89+3.91X($r=0.8658^{**}$).