• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.269-274
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to compare CT (disinfectant concentration * time) values in removing the antibiotic resistance bacteria, antibiotic resistance gene and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Different concentration of chlorine(C) and contact time(T) according to the removal of antibiotic resistance was calculated for each. As a result, for the 90% removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria, around 176~353 mg min/L CT values are needed. For the removal of the antibiotic resistance gene, 195~372 mg min/L CT values are required. For the 90% reduction of antibiotic resistance gene transfer by chlorine disinfection, 187~489 mg min/L CT values are needed. Based on our results, higher CT value was required for removing antibiotic resistant genes rather than antibiotic resistance bacteria.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.142-146
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• 2004

본 연구는 국내산 돈육의 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 오염도와 항생제 내성 여부를 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 가공전의 원료육과 가공후의 포장육의 Staphylococcus aureus 에 대한 오염도를 비교해 본 결과 원료육에서 11.5%, 포장육에서 6.1%의 검출률을 보여 도축단계에서의 오염으로 판단된다. 돈육에서 검출된 Staphylococcus aureus의 항생제별 내성은 Penicillin 및 Ampicillin에 각각 93.3%로 매우 높은 내성률을 나타내었으며, Tetracycline에서 60.0%, Tobramycin 20.0%, Erythromycin, Streptomycin에 각각 13.3%의 내성률을 보였다. 2001년 전국 6개 도시의 일반인의 비강으로부터 분리한 S. aureus의 tetracycline에 대한 내성률은 8.2%로 돈육에서 검출된 S. aureus의 내성률과 비교하였을 때 7배 이상 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 생산성을 향상시킬 목적으로 동물에게 항생제를 처방하고, 사료에 항생제를 첨가하여 균 자체의 내성율을 높이고 이런 균들이 인간에게 전파되어 내성균의 생성 루트가 될 수 있기 때문에 향후 돈육의 사료에 첨가하는 최초 항생제의 사용량부터 지속적인관리가 필요하리라 판단된다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-119
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• 2007

The antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance patterns of 67 eae positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs were investigated by disc diffusion method. Sixty-seven E. coli isolated from pigs showed susceptibility to Ceftiofur (98.5%), Lincomycin+Spectinomycin (74.6%), Danofloxacin (73.1%), Enrofloxacin (64.2%), and Neomycin (41.8%). However, the multiple resistance patterns were also seen in eae+E. coli isolates. Neomycin+Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, Tylosin+Penicillin+Tetracycline, and Neomycin+Tylosin+Danofloxacin+Penicillin+Tetracycline+Enrofloxacinwere the most prevalent patterns of multiple antibiotic resistance.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.157-160
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• 2005

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in the biofilm mode of growth contributes to the chronicity of infection and disease. The penetration of antibiotic, through biofilm developed in an itt vitro model system was investigated. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (E. coli) were obtained from Culture Collection of Antibiotic Resistant Microbes. Ca-alginate bead used as simulated biofilm and a cell entrapment test using compressed air were experiment for the improvement cell viability. Antibiotic susceptibilities though biofilms was measured by assaying the concentration of antibiotic that diffused through the biofilm to minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). Survival of immobilized cells were reduced as compared to free cells. In case of antibiotic susceptible E. coli reduced continuously, but antibiotic resistant E. coli kept up survival rate constantly. Survival was showed after exposed to the antibiotics that the more treated antibiotic resistant E. coli and low concentration of antibiotics) the more survived.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.483-489
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• 1998

최근 영국에서 사람의 내성균주의 대부분이 동물원성이라는 Nature 지의 보고는 임상수의학에서 항생제 사용규제가 얼마나 중요한지를 강조하고 있다. 그러나 자의적 항생제 구입이 허용되는 우리나라의 현실에 비추어 볼 때 어떠한 인수공통성 요인이 관계할 것인가는 매우 흥미롭다. 항생제 내성 문제가 단순히 병원에 국한되는 것은 아니지만 통계자료에 의하면 미국의 경우 년간 2300만명이 내원하고 이중 $10\%$가 입원 중 감염을 획득하며 감염자중 약$50\~60\%$가 항생제 내성세균과 관련이 있다고 한다. 본 원고는 수의학에서의 항생제 사용이 사람의 감염증 발생과의 관련성을 문헌을 통하여 항생제 사용에 따른 문제점과 이에 대한 예방대책을 살펴봄으로써 수의학 관련 연구자들과 임상가들이 이 문제를 다시 한번 생각하는 계기가 되었으면 한다.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2007

최근 수의학에서도 여러 항생제에 내성이 있는 세균 감염이 확인되면서 기존에 사용되었던 항생제에 의한 치료 반응이 떨어지고 새로운 항생제가 도입되고 있다. 그러나 항생제 내성을 가진 세균의 출현을 방지하고 항생제에 의한 부작용을 최소화하기 위해 적절한 항생제 사용은 필수적이다. 세균 배양과 항생제 감수성 검사를 기본으로 항생제에 있어서의 약동학(pharmacodynamics)과 약역학(pharmacokinetics)을 바탕으로 항생제 치료에 대해 보다 정확히 접근할 수 있다. 세균에 대한 최소억제농도(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)와 최고혈장약물농도(peak plasma drug concentration, C max)를 비교하는 것은 항생제 선택의 기준이 된다.또한 MIC가 C max에 가까울수록 효과적인 치료를 위해서는 가능한 높은 용량을 사용해야 함을 의미한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.492-500
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• 2011

Antibiotic resistant microbes were isolated in catfish, trout, eel and loach aquaculture effluent. The distribution of antibiotic resistant microbes in aquaculture effluent and the disinfection efficiency of antibiotic resistant microbes by electron beam irradiation were investigated. It was shown that the multi-drug resistant bacteria were Aeromonas sp., Citrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Marinobacter sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. in aquaculture effluent. 41.7% of total strains showed the resistance against one antibiotic agent, and 58.3% of total strains showed the resistance against more than two antibiotics. It was evidently shown that the toxicity and physicochemical properties of antibiotics can be estimated using Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship (QSAR). Electron beam irradiation was very effective for the disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria from aquaculture effluent, in which the disinfection efficiency was approximately 99.9% with electron beam of 1 kGy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2016

An aim of current study was to investigate the prevalence and the mechanism of quinolone-resistance in E. coli isolates obtained from chicken cecum in Korea. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was also performed for the molecular characterization of E. coli isolates. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method, the 63.5% (54/85) of E. coli isolates showed the resistance to quinolone group of antimicrobial agents. All of the 54 E. coli isolates showing resistant to quinolone group had sense mutations in gyrA gene and point mutations at the $57^{th}$, $80^{th}$, or $84^{th}$ residues in parC gene were detected in 90.7% of the isolates. Interestingly, E. coli ST was closely related to amino acid substitutions in parE gene. Our results indicated that the long-term use of antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals was strongly associated with a prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Enterobacteriaceae, suggesting the need for continuous surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistant determinants in bacterial isolates from food animals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.313-316
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• 2006

To obtain antibiotic resistant profiles of Bifidobacterium, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 14 antibiotics for 93 Bifidobacterium isolates from Korean intestine origin were determined. All strains tested were sensitive to chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and amoxicillin, whereas resistant to aminoglycoside family, nalidixic acid, and vancomycin. Among vancomycin-resistant strains, 34% were resistant at more than $100\;{\mu}g/mL$, and showed variant resistances toward tetracycline, erythromycin, and penicillin. Their resistances against penicillin, cephalothin, and tetracycline were higher than ten years ago. MIC of ten isolates from commercial yoghurt products were very similar to those of strains from Korean intestine origin, and 20% strains showed resistance at higher than $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin. These results indicated patterns of antibiotic resistance against Bifidobacterium from Korean intestine origin and commercial yoghurts were very similar,and prevalence of vancomycin resistance for Bifidobacterium was 20%. To develop new probiotic, antibiotic resistance of vancomycin and risks involved should be evaluated.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2015

Purpose: We investigated trends in antibiotic pressure and the antibiotic susceptibility of gram negative bacteria isolated from Korean children over 10 consecutive years. Methods: From January 2004 to December 2013, the antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii blood isolates obtained from children <18 years of age was determined according to the 2009 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Antibiotic consumption data were also analyzed. Results: The prevalence of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii bacteremia was 4.6, 3.5, 3.4, and 2.2 cases/1,000 blood cultures/year, respectively. In K. pneumoniae, resistance to the third and fourth cephalosporin did not increase significantly. However, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae first appeared in 2010, and the resistance rate increased to 9% between 2012 and 2013. Resistance to 3rd and 4th cephalosporin increased from 10% to 50% in E. coli, and resistance to carbapenem rose abruptly from 11% to 71% in A. baumannii (P for trend <0.01). However, such an increase of resistance was not observed in P. aeruginosa. There is a positive correlation between the resistance rate of cefepime in E. coli and the consumption of cefepime (r=0.900, P=0.037). Conclusion: The significant burden of antibiotic consumption and the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance to gram negative pathogen isolated from bacteremic children were observed. Empirical antibiotics should be wisely selected, and continued efforts to decrease the overall antibiotic pressure are mandatory, especially in highly resistant situations.