• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.1 s.343
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• pp.65-70
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• 2006

An image sensor has limited dynamic range while the human eye has logarithmic response over wide range of light intensity. Although the sensor gain can be set high to identify details in darker area on the image, this results in saturation in brighter area. The gamma correction is essential to fit the human eye response. However, the digital gamma correction degrades image quality especially for darker area on the image due to the limited ADC resolution and the dynamic range. This Paper proposes a CMOS image sensor (CIS) with a nonlinear analog-to-digital converter (AU) which performs analog gamma correction. The CIS with the proposed nonlinear analog-to-digital conversion scheme was fabricated with a $0.35{\mu}m$ CMOS process. The analog gamma correction using the proposed nonlinear ADC CIS provides the 2.2dB peak-signal-to-noise-ratio(PSM) improved image qualify than conventional digital gamma correction. The PSNR of the image obtain from the digital gamma correction is 25.6dB while it is 27.8dB for analog gamma correction. The PSNR improvement over digital gamma correction is about $28.8\%$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.228-231
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• 2010

An 80 year-old male with a medical history of angiosarcoma of the scalp visited the Emergency Department complaining of dyspnea, and the chest X-ray revealed pneumothorax. He has undergone scalp resection and radiotherapy three years ago due to angiosarcoma. Due to a persistent air leak, he underwent wedge resection of the lung and was pathologically diagnosed with metastatic angiosarcoma to the lung. He underwent radiotherapy following the lung resection, but he died from his disease at 15 month following surgery due to further aggravation of the lung metastasis. Angiosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor and it frequently occurs on the scalp and face in elderly patients. Angiosarcoma frequently metastasizes to the lung and it may cause pneumothorax as a consequence of a ruptured cavitary lesion. We report here on a case of pneumothorax that was caused by lung metastasis in an elderly patient with a history of angiosarcoma of the scalp.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

By the trends of electronic package to be smaller, thinner and more integrative, the reliability of interconnection between Si chip and printed circuit board is required. This paper reports on a study of high speed shear energy of Sn-4.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu (SAC405) solder joints with different the thicknesses of electroless Ni-P deposit. A high speed shear testing of solder joints was conducted to find a relationship between the thickness of Ni-P deposit and the brittle fracture in electroless Ni-P deposit/SAC405 solder. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the fractured pad surface with and without $HNO_3$ vapor treatment. The high speed shear energy of SAC405 solder joint with $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit was found to be lower without $HNO_3$ vapor, compared to those of over $3{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit. This could be due to the edge of solder resist in $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit, which provides a fracture location for the weakened shear energy of solder joints and brittle fracture in high speed shear test. With $HNO_3$ vapor, the brittle fracture mode in high speed shear test decreased with increasing the thickness of Ni-P deposit. Then the roughness (Ra) of Ni-P deposits decreased with increasing its thickness. Thus, this gives the evidence that the decrease in roughness of Ni-P deposit for Eelectroless Ni/ Electroless Pd/ Immersion Au (ENEPIG) surface play a critical role for improving the robustness of SAC405 solder joint.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.71-90
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• 2020

The scientific analysis of a 'F-51D Mustang Fighter'(Registered Cultural Heritage 666), one of the War Memorial of Korean collections, was carried out. The paint layer and canopy were discolored due to a constant outdoor exhibit. The results obtained through the scientific survey and analysis processes were intended to be used as basic data for the future dismantling and restoration of the fighter. The analysis results for the pigment components have confirmed red oxide of iron, Fe₂O₃ organic pigments, such as Cobalt Blue, phthalocyanine blue, etc., yellow PbCrO₄, white TiO₂, black Fe₃O₄, and gray Fe₃O₄ + TiO₂. It has been also confirmed that Alkyd resin was mainly used for painting. The fighter's canopy was Poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA), and Al was detected as the main component of the fighter body, wings, and tails.

• Composites Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 2020

Piecewise Integrated Composite (PIC) beam is composed of different stacking against loading type depending upon location. The aim of current study is to assign robust stacking sequences against external loading to every corresponding part of the PIC beam based on the value of stress triaxiality at generated reference points using the k-NN (k-Nearest Neighbor) classification, which is one of representative machine learning techniques, in order to excellent superior bending characteristics. The stress triaxiality at reference points is obtained by three-point bending analysis of the Al beam with training data categorizing the type of external loading, i.e., tension, compression or shear. Loading types of each plane of the beam were classified by independent plane scheme as well as total beam scheme. Also, loading fidelities were calibrated for each case with the variation of hyper-parameters. Most effective stacking sequences were mapped into the PIC beam based on the k-NN classification model with the highest loading fidelity. FE analysis result shows the PIC beam has superior external loading resistance and energy absorption compared to conventional beam.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was done to analyze how a death preparation education program have the effects on awareness of hospice palliative care and withdrawing life sustaining treatment in older adults. Methods: This study employed a non-equivalent control group design among quasi-experimental designs. The experimental group was comprised with 35 adults and the control group with 40 adults. The death preparation program consisted of five two-hour sessions and was administered once a week for five straight weeks. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, and ANCOVA using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 66.2 years. A significant difference between the experimental and control groups was observed in withdrawing life sustaining treatment (F=3.380, P=0.040). However, no significant difference was found in awareness of hospice palliative care (F=0.163, P=0.850). Conclusion: The study results indicate that death preparation training could positively affect people's awareness of withdrawing life sustaining treatment. More studies should be conducted to explore effects of death preparation education for all ages and help people better understand hospice palliative care.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 2021

This study examined the relationship between social support and the subjective well-being of the elderly living in urban areas. The study subjects were 382 elderly people aged 65 or older living in D metropolitan city. The survey was conducted through a personal interview by investigators who visited the study subjects using a structured questionnaire from May 1 to June 30, 2019. As a result, the subjective well-being of the study subjects differed significantly depending on various variables in the sociodemographic, health condition and, health-related behavior characteristics. The subjective well-being according to social support was significantly lower for the groups with lower social support. The correlation of subjective well-being and social support showed a significant positive correlation. Logistic regression showed that the risk of lower subjective well-being increased significantly in the group (Q1), where the total score of social support was very high (Q4). The above results suggest that the subjective well-being of the elderly living in urban areas was not only related to various variables in sociodemographic, health condition, and health-related behavior characteristics but also has significant relationships for social support. Therefore, it is necessary to develop detailed social support practices to improve the subjective well-being.

• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.216-221
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• 2019

Piecewise integrated composite (PIC) beam has different stacking sequences for several regions with respect to their superior load-resisting capabilities. On the interest of current research is to improve bending characteristics of PIC beam, with assigning specific stacking sequence to a specific region with the help of machine learning techniques. 240 elements of from the FE model were chosen to be reference points. Preliminary FE analysis revealed triaxialities at those regularly distributed reference points to obtain learning data creation of machine learning. Triaxiality values catagorise the type of loading i.e. tension, compression or shear. Machine learning model was formulated by learning data as well as hyperparameters and proper load fidelity was suggested by tuned values of hyperparameters, however, comparatively higher nonlinearity intensive region, such as side face of the beam showed poor load fidelity. Therefore, irregular distribution of reference points, i.e., dense reference points were distributed in the severe changes of loading, on the contrary, coarse distribution for rare changes of loading, was prepared for machine learning model. FE model with irregularly distributed reference points showed better load fidelity compared to the results from the model with regular distribution of reference points.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.50-57
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• 2018

Based on research projects and maintenance plans that have been carried out to observe changes in the appearance of buildings in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, this study analyzed the process of changes in roof materials since the 1970s and drew the following conclusions. First, as the proportion of houses used in the yanggi and yanggi in the 1970s appears similar to that of Wagawa, it is believed that the village landscape has changed due to the use of modern materials by modernization and urbanization. Second, the initial stage of readjustment was designated as a folk data protection zone in 1977 and important folk data designation in 1984. However, due to the lack of a budget for repair and indiscriminate repair, the effectiveness of the project did not seem to have been high. As a result, the trend of decreasing the initial price of the previous period and increasing the use of materials such as yanggi and slate were continuing. Third, in the 1990s, the Cultural Heritage Administration pushed for restoration to the traditional method through extensive renovation projects, making efforts to restore traditional materials, such as reduction of the yanggi and roof, removal of the Hamseok roof, and an increase in the price of grass. Fourth, in the 2000s and thereafter, various readjustment projects were completed in the previous period, with the ratio of Wagwa and Choga greatly increased and the number of houses on the roof of slate reduced by about half, and the level of maintenance of the village's retirement homes was readjusted after the World Heritage List in 2010.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2020

We carried out the U-Pb age dating of zircon from basement rocks in the southern part of the Danyang National Geopark. Two migmatitic gneisses composed of biotite±sillimanite±garnet+feldspar+quartz were dated. Leucosomes in the samples were clearly distinguished from their melanosomes. The U-Pb isotopic compositions of zircon from sillimanite- and garnet-bearing migmatitic samples were measured using a secondary ion microprobe, yielding metamorphic ages, 1870±10 Ma (2σ)와 1863±6 Ma (2σ), respectively. 1.87~1.86 Ga metamorphic ages are consistent with those of the Paleoproterozoic low-P and high-T regional metamorphism (1.87~1.85 Ga) in the Yeongnam Massif. The maximum depositional age based upon the apparent 207Pb/206Pb ages of detrital zircon in the samples was estimated as 2.06 Ga, and thus sedimentation age of the protolith of the migmatitic gneisses ranges between 2.06 and 1.87 Ga.