• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.237-255
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• 2010

The Korean Pharmacist Law has limited the sales of medicine to pharmacies. This has caused difficulty in purchasing medicine late at night or on holidays, which has limited the range of customers' selections and accelerated customers' discomfort, accordingly. Also, the rapid progress of aging has quickly boosted medical expenses for seniors, and has served as a factor that aggravates the budget of national medical insurance. Meanwhile, advanced countries, including the USA and Japan, have allowed the sales of general medicine, of which the safety and efficacy have been tested, in general retail stores such as convenience stores or super markets from the perspective of supporting self-medication. In particular, Japan, which has a strong tendency of pursuing safety in the world, diversified sales channels for general medicine in order to control quickly rising medical expenses. As a result, Japan has achieved the effect of easing various regulations as follows in the economic and social fields. First, the increasing distribution channels of general medicine from pharmacies to general retail stores provoked a potential demand, which also expanded related markets. Second, the competition between sales channels resulted in the reduction of the price of medicine. Third, the growing sales channels of medicine have extended the options of consumers and, subsequently, the convenience in the use of consumers has increased. Fourth, the creation of a competitive environment owing to the diversification of sales channels has accelerated an effort to enhance corporate competitiveness. Fifth, the foundation of enhancing the financial soundness of medical expenses has been prepared through the formation of a self-medication environment. In 2000, the Korean population aged 65 or over exceeded 7%, and it is anticipated to be over 14% by 2018; thus, the increase of national medical expenses will be sped up. As a way of being prepared for the era of aging, we, just as other advanced countries, need to create a self-treatment environment by diversifying the sellers of general medicine, and, thus, reduce spending on personal medical expenses, enhance the financial soundness of national medical insurance, and, further, promote the welfare of consumers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-133
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• 1969

The stability of three major pigments in lavers, namely chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phy-cobilins, during processing and storage was studied. The results of the pigment retention in fresh lavers during storage at low temperatures, of heat lability during heat treatment, and of the pigment loss during storage are summarized as follows: 1. The contents of chlorophyll a, xanthophyll (lutein+zeaxanthin), and carotene ($\alpha-+\beta-carotene$) averaged 1,525, 627, and $409{\mu}g/g$ of dry samples respectively The comparative composition of four carotenoids, lutein, $\beta-carotene$, zeaxanthin, and $\alpha-carotene$, was 35.9, 33.7, 12.2, and $5.8\%$ respectively. 2. In storage of fresh lavers at room ternperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$), 2 to $5^{\circ}C$, and $-15^{\circ}C$, the pigments generally were retained more at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$ than others while carotene only showed more retention at $-15^{\circ}C$ than at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$. Phycocyanin tended to decrease more rapidly than phyco-erythrin at low temperatures. 3. In regard to heat treatment of both dried and wet materials at 40, 60, 80, $100^{\circ}C$ respectively, the pigments were more stable at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures in both cases of materials. Carotenoids were retained more in wet materials than in the sun dried. Xanthophylls showed higher heat stability than carotenes. Phycoerythrin was considered more heat labile than phycocyanin, particularly at higher temperatures. 4. In storage of heat treated lavers for 50 days at room temperature, the retention of pigments appeared differently in accordance with the temperatures of treatment The materials treated at $60^{\circ}C$ showed better relention of pigments than those treated at the other temperatures. Degradation rate of xanthopllylls, carotenes, and phycobilins was decreased in the materials treated at higher temperatures, showing a tendency of great pigment retention even for a long period storage. Chlorophyll il was retained more in sun dried materials whereas xanthophyll and carotene were retained more in the wet. 5. In order to maintain a higher pigment stability during storage, the materials must be treated at $60^{\circ}C$ in a dryer with rapid ventilation until the moisture level reaches about $6.0\%$. In case of treatment at a higher temperature than $60^{\circ}C$, they must be treated for a short period of time to minimize pigment degradation by heat. 6. The lavers treated with the solutions of pH around 7.8 showed a higher retention of chlorophyll a. When treated with the solutions of algal extracts such as agar and alginic acid, uniform layer of laver sheets and better surface gloss of dried layers were obtained.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop and test a prototype program that recommends the nitrogen topdressing rate using the color digital camera image taken from rice field at panicle initiation stage (PIS). This program comprises four models to estimate shoot N content (PNup) by color digital image analysis, shoot N accumulation from PIS to maturity (PHNup), yield, and protein content of rice. The models were formulated using data set from N rate experiments in 2008. PNup was found to be estimated by non-linear regression model using canopy cover and normalized green values calculated from color digital image analysis as predictor variables. PHNup could be predicted by quadratic regression model from PNup and N fertilization rate at panicle initiation stage with $R^2$ of 0.923. Yield and protein content of rice could also be predicted by quadratic regression models using PNup and PHNup as predictor variables with $R^2$ of 0.859 and 0.804, respectively. The performance of the program integrating the above models to recommend N topdressing rate at PIS was field-tested in 2009. N topdressing rate prescribed for the target protein content of 6.0% by the program were lower by about 30% compared to the fixed rate of 30% that is recommended conventionally as the split application rate of N fertilizer at PIS, while rice yield in the plots top-dressed with the prescribed N rate were not different from those of the plots top-dressed with the fixed N rates of 30% and showed a little lower or similar protein content of rice as well. And coefficients of variation in rice yield and quality parameters were reduced substantially by the prescribed N topdressing. These results indicate that the N rate recommendation using the analysis of color digital camera image is promising to be applied for precise management of N fertilization. However, for the universal and practical application the component models of the program are needed to be improved so as to be applicable to the diverse edaphic and climatic condition.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.48
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• pp.85-116
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze conditions that robots depicted in cinematographic works like animations or movies sympathize with and form an attachment with the nuclear person and organize characterizing strategies for emotional sympathetic robots. Along with the development of technology, the areas of artificial intelligence and robots are no longer considered to belong to science fiction but as realistic issues. Therefore, this author assumes that the expressive characteristics of emotional sympathetic robots created by cinematographic works should be used as meaningful factors in expressively embodying human-friendly service robots to be distributed widely afterwards, that is, in establishing the features of characters. To lay the grounds for it, this research has begun. As the subjects of analysis, this researcher has chosen robot characters whose emotional intimacy with the main person is clearly observed among those found in movies and animations produced after the 1920 when robot's contemporary concept was declared. Also, to understand robots' appearance and behavioral tendency, this study (1) has classified robots' external impressions into five types (human-like, cartoon, tool-like, artificial bring, pet or creature) and (2) has classified behavioral tendencies considered to be the outer embodiment of personality by using DiSC, the tool to diagnose behavioral patterns. Meanwhile, it has been observed that robots equipped with high emotional intimacy are all strongly independent about their duties and indicate great emotional acceptance. Therefore, 'influence' and 'Steadiness' types show great emotional acceptance, the influencing type tends to be highly independent, and the 'Conscientiousness' type tends to indicate less emotional acceptance and independency in general. Yet, according to the analysis on external impressions, appearance factors hardly have any significant relationship with emotional sympathy. It implies that regarding the conditions of robots equipped with great emotional sympathy, emotional sympathy grounded on communication exerts more crucial effects than first impression similarly to the process of forming interpersonal relationship in reality. Lastly, to study the characters of robots, it is absolutely needed to have consilient competence embracing different areas widely. This author also has felt that only with design factors or personality factors, it is hard to estimate robot characters and also analyze a vast amount of information demanded in sympathy with humans entirely. However, this researcher will end this thesis as the foundation for it expecting that the general artistic value of animations can be used preciously afterwards in developing robots that have to be studied interdisciplinarily.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.465-491
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the short animation film which faithfully follows the external dimension of cartoons, and studies the hidden subject and the way of narrative in the back of the figure. In this process, we analyze the theme of using the analysis method of mosaic image. The narrative of cartoons is usually the majority in discussing the differences in the aspectual part. However, this animation uses cartoons to reach the linear narrative of ordinary narrative movies. As Janet Murray explains, if a 'mosaic image' approaches a theme through a mosaic approach, we can limit the 'mosaic film' that are introduced in the film format among them. First of all, conceptually uses the characteristics of 'mosaic image', at the same time, it utilizes a work utilizing the narrative features of 'mosaic film'. By analyzing this animation film by bifurcation, the first half reveals the characteristics of open-minded mosaic video platform, and the second half introduces the linear narrative method of film narrative. This paper divides the narrative method of 'multi plot Film' into three types: mosaic narrative film, network narrative film, and multi-draft film. Thus, we can analyze the ending of as a narrative method of 'network narrative film' which is composed of parallel or juxtaposed stories. In other words, if the early part of the animation follows the 'mosaic narrative' as an 'extension of ensemble film', the latter part faithfully follows 'network narrative'. Even in the way of talking about the subject, this animated film uses the way of speaking the mosaic image. Considering the aspectual tendency of cartoons, it can be said that this film derives the meaning of 'humor' or 'satire' in an open way. If the first half refers to 'the ambiguous routine of modern man', the latter half draws a profound theme called 'the reality of human selfishness in modern society'. is a film for a wide range of social criticism designed for adults who can interpret meaning.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.855-866
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• 2017

Several research cases using remote sensing methods to analyze changes of storage and dynamics of groundwater aquifer were reviewed in this paper. The status of groundwater storage, in an area with regional scale, could be qualitatively inferred from geological feature, surface water altimetry and topography, distribution of vegetation, and difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration. These qualitative indicators could be measured by geological lineament analysis, airborne magnetic survey, DEM analysis, LAI and NDVI calculation, and surface energy balance modeling. It is certain that GRACE and InSAR have received remarkable attentions as direct utilization from satellite data for quantification of groundwater storage and dynamics. GRACE, composed of twin satellites having acceleration sensors, could detect global or regional microgravity changes and transform them into mass changes of water on surface and inside of the Earth. Numerous studies in terms of groundwater storage using GRACE sensor data were performed with several merits such that (1) there is no requirement of sensor data, (2) auxiliary data for quantification of groundwater can be entirely obtained from another satellite sensors, and (3) algorithms for processing measured data have continuously progressed from designated data management center. The limitations of GRACE for groundwater storage measurement could be defined as follows: (1) In an area with small scale, mass change quantification of groundwater might be inaccurate due to detection limit of the acceleration sensor, and (2) the results would be overestimated in case of combination between sensor and field survey data. InSAR can quantify the dynamic characteristics of aquifer by measuring vertical micro displacement, using linear proportional relation between groundwater head and vertical surface movement. However, InSAR data might now constrain their application to arid or semi-arid area whose land cover appear to be simple, and are hard to apply to the area with the anticipation of loss of coherence with surface. Development of GRACE and InSAR sensor data preprocessing algorithms optimized to topography, geology, and natural conditions of Korea should be prioritized to regionally quantify the mass change and dynamics of the groundwater resources of Korea.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.137-163
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• 2013

This research will incorporate cases from U.S public schools to analyze the factors which influences the security within the school and efficient security patterns to suggest an adequate suggestion to elevate domestic school security system. This study is divided into two following models: a serious criminal offense model, which considers crimes occurred on campus as subordinate variables, and a school violence model, which considers as subordinate variables after limiting an act of delinquency and an a group action that can harm the safety of students, although they are not included in the categories of crimes. First, from analyzing the factors which influences security within school, the explanation power of serious crime offense safety model and school violence safety model is measured 12% and 11.3%. In serious crime offense safety model, the safety education for students, among the safety programs provided by schools(t=2.548, p=0.011), parent participation to school management(t=10.694, p=0.000), Security activities on campus(t=3.643, p=0.000), and CPTED activity(t=6.467, p=0.000) are statistically significant, as affecting factors on the safety from serious crimes. Similarly in school violence model, the safety education for students, among the safety programs provided by schools(t=3.228, p=0.001), parent participation to school management(t=12.034, p=0.000), security activities on campus(t=2.663, p=0.000), and CPTED activity(t=3.928, p=0.000) are statistically significant, as affecting factors on the safety from school violence. Second, according to the analytic results on figuring out the optimal pattern to heighten the security activities, the serious offence model's explanatory power was 4.4% and school violence safety model rated 3.9%. With the serious offense safety model, the activity factors which showed statistically significant in influencing safety from serious offenses were cooperation with local police force (t=2112, p=0.035), school policy management (t=3.309, p=0.001), security patrolling activity (t=2.548, p=0.011). In the school violence model, security activities initiated by the school which showed statistically significant from serious offenses were cooperation with local police force (t=2.364, p=0.018) and policy management (t=4.142, p=0.000). In accordance with the result of this study, education for students rather than education for teachers is more positive in terms of the safety on campus, and parent participation, like education, is consistently needed for the safety on campus. In case of CPTED activity, reinforcing plans should be prepared by intactly accepting examples in the USA. In case of security activity, plans that can increase visibility and reinforce cooperation with local police in a smooth way will provide a positive effect to the safety on campus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1997

The study is aimed to find out the causes of rapidly increasing chloride (Cl$^{－}$) concentration of the Samyang 3rd pumping station originated from coastal springs of Cheju since January 1996. The study results show that it was caused by following complicated natural and anthropogenic effects. Due to severe draught in 1996 with total rainfall of only 41.7% of annual mean of the last 36 years (1991 to 1995), it creates firstly), significant decrease of the spring discharges as well decline of the groundwater level at the site . Sea water level was in general 4.4 cm to 12.4 cm higher than the groundwater level of the site during 2 to 3.8 hours at each high tide. Those higher potential head of sea water motivates the sea water intrusion into the fresh water lens through the permeable clinkers and fracture zones situated beneath the existing grouted zone which was installed to a maximum 10 m below the ground water surface, The repeated expansion and contraction of the fresh water lens occurred by periodic changes of the sea water level at high and low tide accelerates secondly the enlargement of the transition zone between the fresh and sea water at the site. The decrease of recharge amount by rainfall shortage creates thirdly the reverse flow at the interface of sea water and groundwater. The repeated groundwater extraction of 2790${\pm}$450 $m^3$d$^{－1}$ at the time of low tide, when the fresh water lens of the sire is under the contraction stare, makes additional drawdown of the ground water level and induces the upconing of salt water into the fresh water lens. The duration of spring discharge whose Cl concentration is less than 150 mg/1 at the low tide measured at the nearby springs was about two hours with discharge rate of 532 $m^3$d$^{－1}$ and after that Cl$^{－}$ concentration is increased up to more than 1900 mg/ι.eased up to more than 1900 mg/L.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1994.07a
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• pp.184-215
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• 1994

The Hydrogeologic data of 455 water wells comprising geologic and aquifer test were analyzed to determine hydrogeoloic characteristics of Cheju island. The groundwater of Cheju island is occurred in unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits interbedded in highly jointed basaltic and andesic rocks as high level, basal and parabasal types order unconfined condition. The average transmissivity and specific yield of the aquifer are at about 29,300m$^2$/day and 0.12 respectively. The total storage of groundwater is estimated about 44 billion cubic meters(m$^3$). Average annual precipitation is about 3390 million m$^3$ among which average recharge amount is estimated 1494 million m$^3$ equivalent 44.1% of annual precipitation with 638 million m$^3$ of runoff and 1256 million m$^3$ of evapotranspiration. Based on groundwater budget analysis, the sustainable yield is about 620 million m$^3$(41% of annual recharge)and rest of it is discharging into the sea. The geologic logs of recently drilled thermal water wens indicate that very low-permeable marine sediments(Sehwa-ri formation) composed of loosely cemented sandy sat derived from mainly volcanic ashes, at the 1st stage volcanic activity of the area was situated at the 120$\pm$68m below sea level. And also the other low-permeable sedimentary rock called Segipo-formation which is deemed younger than former marine sediment is occured at the area covering north-west and western part of Cheju at the $\pm$70m below sea level. If these impermeable beds are distributed as a basal formation of fresh water zone of Cheju, most of groundwater in Cheju will be para-basal type. These formations will be one of the most important hydrogeologic boundary and groundwater occurences in the area.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.697-706
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• 2000

Background: Isolated lung perfusion(ILP) was developed as a new treatment approach to non-resectable primary or metastatic lung cancer, because of its ability to reduce systemic toxicity while delivering high-dose chemotherapeutic agents to the target organs. This research was planned to evaluate the direct toxic effect of high-dose cisplatin to the lung tissue during isolated lung perfusion. Material and Method: Fifteen mongrel dogs were divided in the perfusate for 40 minutes. The second group was composed of 5 mongrel dogs which underwent ILP with cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg added to the perfusate for 30 minutes and 10 minutes with washing solution without cisplatin. The third group underwent the same procedure as the second group except cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg in the perfusate. Activities of serum angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), and concentration of serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) were analyzed in each groups at the time of pre-perfusion, 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after ILP. Result: Serum ACE activities before and 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after ILP in control group were 45.1$\pm$6.3, 44.6$\pm$9.3, 46.7$\pm$9.5, 50.8$\pm$9.1, 46.1$\pm$4.3 U/L. Those in cisplatin 2.5 and 5.0 mg/Kg groups were 49.4$\pm$12.6, 39.0$\pm$8.6, 42.3$\pm$15.9, 50.0$\pm$2.6, 53.8$\pm$8.3 and 55.5$\pm$12.3, 47.0$\pm$6.3, 45.1$\pm$6.9, 74.8$\pm$19.5, 60.2$\pm$12.0 U/L, respectively. Serum TNF-$\alpha$ activities in each group before and after ILP were 5.0$\pm$1.5 / 7.7$\pm$2.2 / 6.6$\pm$2.5 / 4.3$\pm$1.3 / 5.2$\pm$1.1(control), 8.7$\pm$1.6 / 9.9$\pm$2.2 / 7.9$\pm$1.5 / 6.3$\pm$2.2 / 7.4$\pm$2.4 (cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg), and 6.9$\pm$0.7 / 8.9$\pm$3.4 / 7.9$\pm$4.0 / 3.3$\pm$0.9 / 5.8$\pm$1.3 pg/ml(cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg). Mean LDH levels of each group were 225.7 / 271.3 / 328.9 / 350.8 / 255.7(control), 235.7 / 265.7 / 336.0 / 379.5 / 299.2 (cisplatin 2.5 mg/Kg), and 259.6 / 285.2 / 340.6 / 433.4 / 292.4 IU/L(cisplatin 5.0 mg/Kg). So there was no significant difference in serum ACE, TNF-$\alpha$, and LDH activity changes after ILP between the 3 groups. And, there was no significant changes in BUN/Cr in each groups, which was independent of ILP and perfused concentration of cisplatin. In addition, all dogs survived the ILP and there was no significant evidence of pulmonary vascular injury after 2 weeks of ILP with cisplatin. Conclusion: There was no harmful effect of cisplatin to the lund tissue of the mongrel dog up to 5.0 mg/Kg in perfusate. Therefore, it is perceived to be safe and effective to deliver high-dose cisplatin to the lung without pulmonary toxicity and renal damage with ILP.