• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2010

Rice seed maturation and germination involve drastic changes in water and nutrient transport, in which tonoplast aquaporins may play an important role. In the present study, gene expression profiles of 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP) from rice were investigated by RT-PCR during seed development and germination. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 were specifically expressed in mature seeds. Their transcript level rapidly decreased after onset of seed germination and gene expression was induced by ABA treatment. In contrast, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was not seed specific as transcripts were found in vegetative tissues as well. Their respective transcript levels decreased at an early stage of seed development, whereas they increased at a later stage of seed germination and elongation of embryonic roots and shoots. When seed germination was inhibited by various stress conditions and ABA, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was completely suppressed. In contrast, the expression level of OsTIP2;2 rapidly increased after seed imbibition and the transcript level was maintained under conditions inhibiting seed germination. These results implicate that tissue specific and developmental transcriptional regulation of OsTIPs in rice seeds depends on their specific function. In addition, OsTIPs can be discriminated by different potential phosphorylation and methylation sites in their protein structures. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 possess unique phosphorylation signatures at their N-terminal domain, loop B and loop E, respectively. OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 have a potential methylation site at their Nterminal domain. This suggests that activity of specific tonoplast aquaporins may be regulated by post-translational modification as well as by transcriptional control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.6 s.73
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• pp.961-967
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• 2005

Macrophage migration inhibitory fartor (MIF), known as a cytokine, is a multifunctional protein that is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of cells and tissues; however, enzymatic function of MIF still remains elusive in cells. In this study, we assessed details of the tautomerase activity of MIF. We established rapid purification condition for MIF by using pGEX system and compared the L-dopachrome tautomerase activity of GST-MIF, tMIF, and MIF. The results show that GST (glutathione S-transferase)-epitope tag or N-terminal amino acids flanking the essential $P^{2}$ almost completely abrogated L-dopachrome tautomerase activity of MIF. Subsequently, to determine whether the N-terminal tags have effects on oligomerization of MIF, protein cross-linking products were analyzed on $15\%$ SDS-PACE. The result demonstrates that N-terminal tags are dispensable for the formation of MIF's homooligomers. Thus, the results imply that exposure of If containing hydrophobic pocket in the active site is critical for L-dopachrome tautomerase activity of MIF. In addition, our study suggest that the MIF's tautomerase activity might be influenced by interacting with cellular partners.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2001

An optimum seeding date for carrots growing in Jeju was determined. In early growth stage, the number of leaves was more in Hyang-yang #2 cultivar (HY2) than that in the others, meanwhile that of Hukjun 5 chon (H5) and Shinhukjun 5 chon (S5) was higher in the latter half of the growing season. The weight of leaves was greater in HY2 until 2 months after seeding, but thereafter drastically increased and resulted significant difference at harvest in S5. The length of roots was greater in H5 and S5 than in HY2 when seeded on July 17 and measured after September 13, but it was similar in all cultivars when seeded on August 1 and later. The diameter of the roots was greatest in HY2, regardless of seeding dates, meanwhile no difference was found among other cultivars. The weight of roots was greatest in HY2 when seeded on July 17, August 1 or later, meanwhile it was greater in H5 after November, when seeded on August 15. The percentage of roots cracked was 20, 15, and 10% respectively for HY2, S5 and H5. The percentage of roots branched was 0.3% in HY2. The percentage of roots cracked or branched was much higher when seeded on August 1 than on July 17, and was high (40%) in HY2 and S5, compared to H5 when seeded on August 15. The content of sucrose, glucose and fructose increased until 110 days after seeding in all cultivars, but fructose and glucose contents decreased in about 135 days after seeding, but sucrose contents increased continuously even after 135 days. Sucrose content increased and fructose and glucose contents decreased in S5, but this trend was reversed after late November. Sugar contents was different among the cultivars seeded on August 15, while sucrose content decreased and glucose and fructose contents increased with time. The content of ${\beta}$-carotene was more than 12,000 IU in all cultivars, but decreased in 170 days after seeded on July 17. The content was highest in HY2 and followed by S5 and H5 in order. It was not different among the cultivars in 170 days after seeding on August 1, but was higher in S5 than the other cultivars in 170 days after seeded on late and decreased with seeding date.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.392-401
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• 1997

The poliovirus is a small, and non-enveloped virus. The RNA genome of poliovirus is continuous, linear, and has a single open reading frame. This polyprotein precursor is cleaved proteolytically to yield mature products. Most of the cleavages occur by viral protease. The mature proteins derived from the P1 polyprotein precursor are the structural components of the viral capsid. The initial cleavage by 2A protease is indirectly involved in the cleavage of a cellular protein p220, a subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F. This cleavage leads to the shut-off of cap-dependent host cell translation, and allows poliovirus to utilize the host cell machinery exclusively for translation its own RNA, which is initiated by internal ribosome entry via a cap-independent mechanism. The functional role of the 2B, 2C and 2BC proteins are not much known. 2B, 2C, 2BC and 3CD proteins are involved in the replication complex of virus induced vesicles. All newly synthesized viral RNAs are linked with VPg. VPg is a 22 amino acid polypeptide which is derived from 3AB. The 3C and 3CD are protease and process most of the cleavage sites of the polyprotein precursor. The 3C protein is also involved in inhibition of RNA polymerase II and III mediated transcription by converting host transcription factor to an inactive form. The 3D is the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. It is known that poliovirus replication follows the general pattern of positive strand RNA virus. Plus strand RNA is transcribed into complementary minus strand RNA that, in turn, is transcribed for the synthesis of plus strand RNA is transcribed into complementary minus strand RNA that, in turn, is transcribed for the synthesis of plus strand RNA strands. Poliovirus RNA synthesis occurs in a membranous environment but how the template RNA and proteins required for RNA replication assemble in the membrane is not much known. The RNA requirements for the encapsidation of the poliovirus genome (packaging signal) are totally unknown. The poliovirus infection cycle lasts approximately 6 hours.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Experiments were conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of the nutrient solution in strawberry 'Sulhyang' with hydroponics in relationship between root activity and nutrient concentrations. Nutrient solutions for strawberry, made by Yamazaki, were supplied EC 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ during experiment period. Growth of shoot and root of strawberries grown in visible plastic pot was observed during experiment. Petiole length was longest in plants grown in EC 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, followed by 2.0 and 0.5 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Leaf width was longest in plants grown in EC 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, followed by 0.5 and 2.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and yield were higher in EC 0.5 and 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than 2.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment but, soluble solids of the fruit did not show statistical differences among treatments. Shoot dry weight was heaviest in EC 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, followed by 0.5 and 2.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Root dry weight was heavier in EC 0.5 and 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ but significantly light in 2.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. pH of the drainage solution was elevated in low nutrient concentration and lowered in high concentration. Also root activity was high in low nutrient concentration and low in high concentration. As a result, the optimum EC for strawberry 'Sulhyang' was EC 1.0 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in this experiment. It was confirmed that there was high relationship between root activity and pH of drainage solution. This result will be utilized as an indicator for strawberry hydroponics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.157-169
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• 1990

This study was designed to investigate the effect of supplementation of fish oil on serum apoprotein and platelet function in healthy young females. Eighteen female college students were divided into 3 groups. Each group fed a typical Korean diet supplemented with 15g, 12g, and 9g of fish oil respectively for 1-week. Blood samples were obtained 4 times, before supplementation, immediately after, 1-week after and 3-week after stopping supplementation. After 6-week break, the doses of fish oil were interchanged among 3 groups and the experiment was repeated to reduce interindividual variation. The concentration of apoprotein A, apoprotein B in the serum samples and the platelet adhesion, the platelet aggregation and bleeding time were determined immediately after supplementation of fish oil, 1-week after and 3-week after stopping supplementation and then the value compared with those of before supplementation period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Serum apoprotein A levels decreased significantly(p<0.05), immediately after supplementation of fish oil in the 15g group. The serum apoprotein B levels did not show significant change. The platelet adhesion decreased significantly(p<0.05) 1-week after supplementation of fish oil in the 15g group. The platelet aggregation decreased significantly(p<0.01) immedeately after supplementation of fish oil in the 15g group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.103-119
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was implemented to develop and validate the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) to assess energy, carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins as well as fatty acids and alcohol in Korean adults. Methods: The SQ-FFQ consisted of 88 food items, and 12 food groups were selected based on information of frequently consumed foods from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Each portion size was categorized as one of three amounts: small (0.5 times), medium (1 time), and large (1.5 times). A total of 111 subjects finished 3-day diet records and the SQ-FFQ. The relative validity of SQ-FFQ was assessed by comparison with the 3-day diet records. Results: The mean nutrient intakes obtained from the SQ-FFQ were estimated to be greater than those of the two 3-day dietary records. Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two methods was the highest for energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001) and lowest for saturated fatty acid (r = 0.121). Correlation coefficients were energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001), carbohydrates (r = 0.500; p < 0.001), protein (r = 0.466; p < 0.001), fat (r = 0.411; p < 0.001), dietary fiber (r = 0.467; p < 0.001), alcohol (r = 0.527; p < 0.001), calcium (r = 0.409; p < 0.001), phosphorus (r = 0.499; p < 0.001), potassium (r = 0.418; p < 0.001), magnesium (r = 0.427; p < 0.001), and zinc (r = 0.464; p < 0.001), respectively, for all subjects. Conclusion: The developed SQ-FFQ in this study seems to be useful for estimating nutritional status, particularly energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fiber, alcohol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and zinc of Korean adults.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2010

The ICT(information & communication technology) led to a dramatic change of floral distribution service, a phase of competition between wholesales and retail stores, and distribution channels in floral industry. It was expected that a role of the intermediaries in this industry would have reduced due to the improvement of transaction process by ICT. However, the ICT made to overcome a regional limit of the floral retail distribution service leading to an increase in sales and enlargement of the stores. And even it made possible to bring out another type of intermediaries such as private associations. This case study focuses on what kinds of efforts the floral wholesale distributors have made to enable a distribution process more smoothly between the wholesale distributors and retail stores through the information system, and what the failure factors in adopting the information system have been. This paper is also to examine how the wholesale distributors have changed themselves to gain dominant positions in distribution channels. As a result of the study, it was found that the intermediaries mostly failed in successfully achieving the distribution channel innovation through the information system because of several main reasons. FLOMARKET Inc. tried to innovate a distribution channel to obtain high quality goods through consolidating a wholesale distribution market in that segregated both floral joint market from free markets. after implementing the information system with consideration of the failure factors, FLOMARKET Inc. was able to minimize goods in stock and make a major purchase of various goods. In addition, it made a possible pre-ordering process and an exact calculation of purchasing goods so they could provide their products with market price in real time, which helped for the company to gain credits from their customers. Also, FLOMARKET Inc. established the information system which well suited to its business stage in order to deal with a rapidly changing distribution environment. It's so obvious that the transaction processing system of FLOMARKET Inc. definitely helped to share information among traders more seamlessly and smoothly in realtime, standardize goods, and make a transaction process clearer. Besides, the transaction information helped the wholesale distributors and retail stores to make more strategic decisions in their business because through the system they enabled to gather the marketing intelligence information more easily and convenient. If we understand that the floral distribution market is characterized by the low IT- based industry, it's worth to examine a case study proving that the information system actually increases the productivity of the transaction process in the floral industry.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1995

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the formation of CaCO, polymorphs(i.e.,calcite, aragonite, vaterite) and on the crystal shape of CaCO,.The reaction systems were rnvestigated at the temperature range of 2.0%-85.3r, at the fixed cmditions ofconcentration and pressure, 2X10-' M, atomospheric pressure, respectively.The reaction systems studied include a Ca(HCO.,),-Air bubble, O Ca(OH)s-CO,, @ Ca(OH),-H,CO, ,Ca(OH1,-Na>CO,, O Ca(OH),-K,CO,, @ Ca(OH),-(NH,),CO,, D CaC1,-Na,CO,, CaC1,-K3C03, 8 CaC1,-(NH,,),CO,, 0 Ca(N0,X-Na,CO,, 03 Ca(N0,X-QCO,. 0 Ca(NO,),-(NH,XCO,. The results obtained are summarizedas follows:Calcite is formed at the temperature range of 2t-80"C and the highest calcite yield was obtained at 30%.Aragonite begins to be formed at the temperature range of 41.0%-53.0%. and the higher temperature is thehigher yield is obtained. pH of the reaction system affect the yield of aragonite, and the yield reaches the highestpercentage at the pH range of 10.0-11.0, and at the conditions of pH 12.3 or over, aragonite is scarcely formed.Vaterlle is fnrmed at the temperature range of 40.0% or less, and transites utterly to calcite within 10-60mmutes in the case of bemg residenced in mother liqmd which C1 is not contained, and within 140hours inthe case of containing CI-.s in the case of containing CI-.