• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.4 s.118
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• pp.508-515
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• 2006

This study was conducted from July to December 2004, in order to find measures to improve the water quality and the function of pond ecosystems which are often negatively affected by phytoplankton and suspended particle matters. Most of the time, the management of ponds in Korea does not consider the ecological concepts such as self-purification and nutrient recycling. Instead, conventional methods depend on other factors such as fish farming and the function of fountains and waterfalls. Sustainability of pond ecosystems must be studied with the highest emphasis given to water quality. Water discharges of inflow and outflow as well as balance adjustment for different factors must be thoroughly studied. There is a great need for studies on sustainability because it can be realized through the horizontal or vertical balances of an ecosystem. Our current research offers useful information to the academia and public on maintaining sustainability in terms of structure and function of the pond.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2009

In this study, we analyzed fish compositions and ecological characteristics such as trophic guilds and tolerance guilds in association with water quality characteristics in Masan Reservoir during November 2008. Total number of species were 12 species (6 families) and the dominant species were Zacco platypus, Hemiculter eigenmanni, and Pseudorasbora parva. We found three Korean endemic species and one exotic species, Carassius cuvieri. According to the analysis of ecological indicator characteristics, relative proportion of tolerant and omnivore species was 98% of the total indicating that probably, the fauna was influenced by physical habitat disturbance and physicochemical degradations. Fish distribution analysis along with littoral zone showed that the most fishes (${\sim}$95%) were observed in the littoral zone where emerged macrophytes were well developed. Also, substrate analysis indicated that the most species were found near silt area (11 species, 91.7%), so that the significant differences were found between the substrate types. Analysis of water quality indicated that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (ChI-a) as a lake trophic indicator were judged as eutrophic states, respectively and COD as an indicator of organic matter pollution averaged 10.9 mg $L^{-1}$. Based on the water quality, this system were influenced by the nutrient enrichments and organic matter. The degradations of water quality in Masan Reservoir resulted in trophic compositions of fish (increase of omnivore species) and the dominance of tolerant fish. This Monitoring data may contribute changes of fish fauna and compositions in relation to habitat modifications and chemical water quality degradations in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 자동유량측정시설에 의하여 실시간으로 생산되는 자동유량측정 자료의 정상성 여부를 판단하는데 중요한 적정 측정 신뢰구간을 실시간으로 예측할 수 있는 기술을 개발하였다. 전세계적으로, 현대적인 유량측정이 시작된 이래 연속유량 산정을 위한 방법은 수위-유량관계곡선을 이용하는 방법 외에 실무적으로 활용 가능한 방법은 거의 전무한 실정이다. 수위-유량관계곡선을 이용하는 방법은 연속수위를 계측하여 이에 해당하는 연속유량을 산정하는 방법으로 수위와 유량간에 일정한 관계를 가지는 정상적인 흐름을 보이는 자연하천의 경우에 정확도가 매우 높다. 그러나 감조나 구조물 등에 의해 유량이 조절되는 경우에 유량산정의 정확도는 현저히 떨어지게 된다. 따라서 수위에서 유량을 환산하는 방법이 아닌 유량을 직접 연속으로 측정하는 방법이 꾸준히 연구되어 왔고, 이 중 가장 대표적인 방법이 자동유량측정 방법이다. 그러나 자동유량측정 방법은 유량을 연속으로 측정할 수 있다는 장점에 반해 측정된 유량의 정확도를 높이기가 매우 어렵다는 단점도 가지고 있다. 계측 자체의 기술적 한계는 주로 계측기기적인 문제로 이는 전자기, 통신 기술 등 첨단 기술의 발전과 함께 다양한 현장 시험을 통해 폭넓은 개선이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 아직 기술적 완성도가 완전하지 못한 현실에서, 현재 설치되어 있는 자동유량측정 유량자료의 신뢰도를 높이기 위해서는 각각의 계측 시점에서 자료가 정상적으로 산정되고 있는지에 대한 검정이 필요하고, 이는 자동유량측정 자료의 정확도 확보에 매우 중요한 관건으로 작용할 수밖에 없다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 조석성분과 유출성분을 분리하여 예측하는 방법을 새롭게 개발 적용하였다. 자료는 자료의 시간해상도 증감에 따른 실제 예측의 정확도 증감을 고려하여 가장 적절하다고 판단되는 시자료를 사용하였으며, 자료간 상관을 분석하여 주 입력 자료로 팔당댐 방류량, 한강대교 지점 수위, 전류 수위를 이용하였다. 모형의 예측 능력을 극대화하기 위하여 조석 영향을 받는 자료의 경우는 웨이블릿 변환(wavelet transform)을 이용하여 순수 유출성분과 조위성분을 분리하여 별도로 적용하였다. 그리고 예측을 위한 모형은 실시간 자료기반 모형으로 그 안정성이 인정된 서포트벡터머신(support vector machine)을 이용하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 한강대교 지점의 순수 유출성분과 조위성분의 유량을 각각 예측한 후 두 결과를 합성하여 최종 한강 대교 지점의 유량을 산정하였다. 조석성분을 분리하여 한강대교 지점의 유량을 예측한 결과 대부분의 예측치가 95% 예측구간에 포함되었다. 그리고 조석성분을 분리하지 않은 모형과 조석성분을 분리한 모형의 예측 능력을 비교한 결과, 조석성분을 분리한 모형이 예측이 정확도가 높았다. RMSE의 경우 분리하지 않은 모형대비 23%의 예측오차가 감소하였고, NSC의 경우 0.92에서 0.95로 예측의 정확도가 증가하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.906-917
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• 2022

This study aimed to compare differences according to categories of fishery and marine environmental policies for the (estimated) amount of fishery waste generated by fishing, and to analyze the correlation between associated independent and dependent variables. The independent variables were divided into three dif erent sectors. The first sector included precautionary policies that observed eco-friendly fishing support program, institutional prevention activities, and physical barriers installation. The second sector with the current management policies included the relevant vessel operations, establishment of fishery order, fishery restructuring, and fishery ground clean-up. Thirdly, post-response policies comprised the litter purification from river to shoreline, the collection and removal of marine, sedimentary, and floating debris, purchasing salvaged debris generated while fishing, fishery waste disposal, and repairing damage caused by marine litter. The indicator used was the settlement amount by each program. The dependent variable was the estimated amount of fishery waste and the indicator was the sum of the loss of traps and gill nets and the loss of their appendages. According to the results of Kruskal-Wallis Test, the estimated amount of fishery waste was highest in the East Sea in terms of sea area and the highest in the Si(city) according to basic local municipality. The settlement amount related to the marine environment services was largest in the Gun(county). Further, there were significant differences between Gun(county) and the other regions(Si(city) and Gu(autonomous district)) with respect to most variables. The variables related to the estimated amount of fishery debris were the project purchasing salvaged debris generated while fishing and fishery waste disposal program in the post-response policies.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2024

Predicting water quality of rivers and reservoirs is necessary for the management of water resources. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been used in many studies to predict water quality with high accuracy. Previous studies have used Gradient Descent (GD)-based optimizers as an optimizer, an operator of ANN that searches parameters. However, GD-based optimizers have the disadvantages of the possibility of local optimal convergence and absence of a solution storage and comparison structure. This study developed improved optimizers to overcome the disadvantages of GD-based optimizers. Proposed optimizers are optimizers that combine adaptive moments (Adam) and Nesterov-accelerated adaptive moments (Nadam), which have low learning errors among GD-based optimizers, with Harmony Search (HS) or Novel Self-adaptive Harmony Search (NSHS). To evaluate the performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) using improved optimizers, the water quality data from the Dasan water quality monitoring station were used for training and prediction. Comparing the learning results, Mean Squared Error (MSE) of LSTM using Nadam combined with NSHS (NadamNSHS) was the lowest at 0.002921. In addition, the prediction rankings according to MSE and R² for the four water quality indices for each optimizer were compared. Comparing the average of ranking for each optimizer, it was confirmed that LSTM using NadamNSHS was the highest at 2.25.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1193-1207
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• 2013

Increase of impervious area caused by overdevelopment has led to increase of runoff and then the problem of flooding and NPS were brought up. In addition, as decrease of base flow made groundwater level to decline, a stream that dries up is issued. low impact development (LID) method which is possible to mimic hydrological water cycle, minimize the effect of development, and improve water cycle structure is proposed as an alternative. As introduction of LID in domestic increases, the study on small watershed is in process mainly. Also, analysis of property of hydrological runoff and load on midsize watershed, like sewage treatment district, is required, the study on it is still insufficient. So, area applying LID practices from watershed of Dongrae stream is pinpointed and made the ratio and then expand it to watershed of Oncheon stream. Among low impact development practices, Green Roof, Porous Pavement, and Bio- retention are selected for the application considering domestic situations and simulated with SWMM-LID model of each watershed and improvement of water cycle and reduction of non-point pollution loads was analysed. Improvement of water cycle and reduction of non-point pollution loads were analyzed including the property of rainfall and soil over long term simulation. The model was executed according to scenario based on combination of LID as changing conductivity in accordance with soil type of the watershed. Also, this study evaluated area of LID application that meets the efficiency of conventional management as a criteria for area of LID practices applying to sewer treatment district by comparing the efficiency of LID application with that of conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2023

The objectives of this study were to analyze the fish community structures and distribution characteristics of fisheries resources in the Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, fishery resources protection areas. For the study, we conducted fish samplings four times in the two streams from April to October 2019. In Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, we sampled 31 species and 29 species and the dominant species were Zacco platypus (28.6%) and Squalidus multimaculatus(41.7%), respectively. According to the life type of fish species, primary freshwater species were collected 18 species(58.1%) and 21 species(72.4%), and migration fishes were sampled 4 species (12.9%) and 6 species (20.7%) in Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, respectively. Fisheries resources species showed high relative abundance in June, and the fish biomass was highest in October. As a results of comparing the previous studies with this study, both rivers showed high biodiversity and were found to maintain stable populations of fishes. According to analysis of tolerance guilds, the proportion of tolerant species, based on the number of individuals, was composed of 14.4% and 1.1% in Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, respectively. This very low ratio of tolerant species confirmed that both streams have very good physiochemical environment conditions. From the above results, it was judged that the fishery resource protection areas of Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream have high ecological function and preservation value. For sustainable use and management of fishery resource protection areas of Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, it is suggested that biological disturbance management, fish discharge projects considering environmental capacity, efforts to improve the habitat environment, and establishing a fishery resource protection areas management system were necessary as considerations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 2003

Manun Reservoir, located in Andong district has the capacity of 2 million tons in irrigation water supply with the drainage area of $23.8\;km^2$. Manun Reservoir is over fifty year old, and shallow in depth. The ratio of drainage area (DA) to reservoir surface area (SA) as an effective physical parameter on water quality was 56.1 and was higher than those of other agricultural reservoirs. The ratio of reservoir storage (ST) to SA in Manun Reservoir was 4.79, and the mean depth was below 8m. Both ratios of DS/SA, total area (TA)/ST and ST/SA in Manun Reservoir were relatively higher than those in other agricultural reservoir and natural lakes in Korea. These physical parameters in Manun Reservoir, however, had a eutropic potential significance. Average of COD, IN, and TP in Manun Reservoir were 11.1 mg/L 1.426 mg/L, 0.093 mg/L, respectively. In the inflow stream of Manun Reservoir, the TN ($1.426{\sim}3.809\;mg/L$) was higher than those in reservoir. Only Lyngbya spp. was dominant in phytoplankton for this study period and Gymnodinium spp., Peridinium spp., and Cryptomonas spp. were dominant in zooplankton. According to the Carlson's trophic status index, Mnnun Reservoir was eutrophic in 1996, 1997, and 1999, and hypertrophic in 1998.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3 s.108
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• pp.344-354
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• 2004

A pilot study was performed from September 2000 to April 2004 to examine the feasibility of the wetland-pond system for the agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The wetland system was a subsurface flow type, with a hydraulic residence time of 3.5 days, and the subsequent pond was 8 $m^3$ in volume (2 m ${\times}$ 2 m ${\times}$ 2 m) and operated with intermittent-discharge and continuous flow types. The wetland system was effective in treating the sewage; median removal efficiencies of $BOD_5$ and TSS were above 70.0%, with mean effluent concentrations of 27.1 and 16.8 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, for these constituents. However, they did often exceed the effluent water quality standards of 20 mg $L^{-1}$. Removal of T-N and T-P was relatively less effective and mean effluent concentrations were approximately 103.2 and 7.2 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The wetland system demonstrated high removal rate (92 ${\sim}$ 90%) of microorganisms, but effluent concentrations were in the range of 300 ${\sim}$ 16,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ which is still high for agricultural reuse. The subsequent pond system provided further treatment of the wetland effluent, and especially additional microorganisms removal in addition to wetland-pond system could reduce the mean concentration to 1,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ from about $10^5$ MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ of wetland influent. Other parameters in the pond system showed seasonal variation, and the upper layer of the pond water column became remarkably clear immediately after ice melt. Overall, the wetland system was found to be adequate for treating sewage with stable removal efficiency, and the subsequent pond was effective for further polishing. This study concerned agricultural reuse of reclaimed water using natural systems. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, wetland- pond system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water in rural area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.24-38
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• 2021

Microhabitat In the upper stream is created by various environment variables such as the bottom substrate and the physicochemical factors, and may influence the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates. We investigated the bottom substrate and environmental variables influencing the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate in 26 stream-type waterways established at upper reaches of Geum River. During study period, total 85 families, 160 species, 9305 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates were recorded. The stream-type waterways, where the bottom substrates consist mainly of pebble (16~64 mm) and cobble (64~256 mm) or with rapid water velocity (more than 0.2 m/s) and high dissolved oxygen (more than 120%), were supported by high species diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate. Hierological cluster analysis and the nonparametric multidimensional scale (NMDS) divided 26 stream-type waterways into a total of three clusters. In Cluster 1, the invertebrate species, such as Branchiura sowerbyi, Cloeon dipterum, Ischnura asiatica, Paracercion calamorum, and Radix auricularia, closely related to aquatic macrophytes, and Chironomidae spp., Limnodrilus gotoi, and Tanypodinae sp. were abundant in waterways, with high coverage of silt and clay as well as high turbidity and total nitrogen. The benthic macroinvertebrate species (Cheumatopsyche brevilineata, Drunella ishiyamana, Dugesia japonica, Ephemera orientalis, Gumaga KUa, Macrostemum radiatum, Potamanthus formosus, Semisulcospira libertine, Stenelmis vulgaris, and Teloganopsis punctisetae) included in Cluster 2 were dominated in sites with high cover rates of pebble and gravel. Cluster 3 was predominantly covered by the Cobbles, was supported by Simulium sp. Such a clear distinction in the study sites means that each stream-type waterways is governed by a clear habitat environment. In the case of some sites with low species diversity, improvement measures are required to restore nature, such as improving the function of inflows and outflows, creating meandering channel, and inducing the settlement of littoral vegetation.