• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2011

High concentration of PM10 was reported on late July, 2005 in Seoul along with high particulate ion concentrations in PM2.5. To identify the reason for the severe air pollution episode, time series analysis of the PM10 concentration in the monitoring sites over Korea, wind sector analysis, trend analysis of the ion concentrations, and air mass trajectory analysis were carried out. It was found that the episode could be classified into two separate periods; first one between July 22 and 27 and second one between July 28 and 31. During the first period, the PM10 concentrations at Seoul were in good correlation with the PM10 concentration three hours before at Chuncheon. Trajectory analysis showed that air mass moved from north and turned to west at Kangwon province to Seoul. The concentrations of PM10 mass and ionic species were lower than the second period. During the second period, air mass moved from northern China to Seoul directly and the PM10 concentrations all over the mid-Korean peninsula showed the same trend. These observations suggest that the air pollution during the second period was affected by direct transport of air pollutants from northern China. Thus, the air quality at Seoul during both periods were influenced by long-range transport from outside rather than by local sources, but with different transport patterns.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) on the postharvest quality of 'Janghowon hwangdo' peach fruits. Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity for marketing in late September, and treated with 70% $N_2O$ + 20% $O_2$ + 10% air, 80% $N_2O$ + 20% $O_2$, and 90% $N_2O$ + 10% $O_2$ for 48 h, and then stored at $15^{\circ}C$. No significant treatments for soluble sugar and titratable acidity contents were detected. However, good appearance and taste in peach fruit were maintained better in 80% $N_2O$ treatment than in air treatment. The treatment with 90% $N_2O$ had negative effects on weight loss and taste because of rotting by anaerobic fermentation. 80% $N_2O$ treated fruit had significantly higher fungus (Botrytis cinerea) growth inhibition of saprogenic approximately than air treatment until 12 days of storage. The browning and rotting at surface of peach were also retarded when peaches were treated with 80% $N_2O$ before they were artificially wounded. The activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was inhibited about 80% in peach of 80% $N_2O$ treatment compared with in air treatment. The result showed that 80% $N_2O$ treatment was able to extend the shelf life of peach fruits through maintaining taste and inhibition of softening and browning by rotting and wounding during storage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.361-369
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• 2012

A population density model for bacterial wilt, which is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, in hot pepper was developed to estimate the primary infection date after overwintering in the field. We developed the model mechansitically to predict reproduction of the pathogen and pathogensis on seedlings of the host. The model estimates the pathogen's populations both in the soil and in the host. In order to quantify environmental infection factors, various temperatures and initial population densities were determined for wilt symptoms on the seedlings of hot pepper in a chamber. Once, the pathogens living in soil multiply up to 400 cells/g of soil, they can infect successfully in the host. Primary infection in a host was supposed to be started when the population of the pathogen were over $10^9$ cells/g of root tissue. The estimated primary infection dates of bacterial wilt in 2011 in Korea were mostly mid-July or late-July which were 10-15 days earlier than those in 2010. Two kinds of meterological data, synoptic observation and field measurements from paddy field and orchard in Kyunggi, were operated the model for comparing the result dates. About 1-3 days were earlier from field data than from synoptic observation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.6 s.95
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• pp.383-393
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide data on the normative values of some clinically important soft tissue dimensions for adult Korean females with aesthetically beautiful facial profiles. Lateral cephalograms of 18 Korean female models, who were selected for their well balanced and aesthetic facial profiles, were evaluated. All cephalograms were taken with the subjects in a natural head position with the teeth in occlusion and the lips at rest. The means and standard deviations were determined and presented. In addition, comparisons with the previous studies were performed The results of the present study were as follows: 1. The upper and lower lips were posteriorly located in relation to the Ricketts' E line (Upper lip to E line: -2.08, Lower lip to E line: -0.04). 2. Both lips were more posteriorly located than those in the results of previous studies on Korean females selected by normal occlusion, but more anteriorly located than in the results of studies selected on an aesthetic basis. 3. The nasolabial angle for this sample was 101.03 degrees with a standard deviation of 8.47 degrees.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.1 s.114
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• pp.63-73
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• 2006

Numbers of postulations lie on the difference of integumental changes with two major surgical remedies of one jaw vs. two jaw surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. Accordingly it was the aim of the study to elucidate the skeletal profile changes with an accompanying disposition of soft tissues, consequently to yield the correlation and ratio of soft tissue changes with two types of surgical procedures, which in turn make it possible to predict the soft tissue outcomes by means of assembled regression equations. Cephalometric headfilms of fifty two adult skeletal Class III comprised of 26 maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy simultaneously (double jaw surgery, group A), 26 mandibular setback alone (one jaw surgery, group B) were statistically analyzed. Group A manifested 72.4% soft tissue advancement to skeletal changes in the upper lip area, while group B appeared to have no statistically significant changes. The nasolabial angle showed more increment in group A than in group B, whereas the mentolabial angle illustrated more reduction in group B. The backward movement of soft tissue pogonion to skeletal change revealed 98% in group A, and 109% in group B. The double jaw surgery group characteristically revealed remarkable integ umental change in the upper lip area, while the one jaw surgery had major effects in the lower lip and soft tissue pogonion areas.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 1996

To extract or not to extract permanent teeth for the correction of malocclusion has been a great debate in the history of orthodontics, and there is a variety of analytic methods and criteria to aid in the diagnosis. Extraction formulas that has been presented are many analytic methods that depend on arch length discrepancy, dental prominence, and skeletal pattern of the each patients. Of these analysis, the most important diagnostic factor is patient's skeletal pattern. Because the behavior of the dentition is closely dependent upon the skeletal pattern of each patient, dentition must be arranged within that person's skeletal frame. EI(Extraction Index) is composed of CF, interincisal angle, and lip position. CF is made of ODI and APDI that differentiate vertical and horizontal component of the skeletal pattern. So, EI not only represents patient's skeletal pattern, but also takes facial appearance into consideration. This study was undertaken to investigate EI and related cephalometric variables on the cephalogram of Korean adolescents which consisted of 153 persons with normal occlusion, harmonious skeleton and pleasing face. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The mean value of the ODI is $73.5^{\circ}$, APDI $82.5^{\circ}$, CF $156.3^{\circ}$ 2. The mean value of the interincisal angle is $123.6^{\circ}$ 3. The mean distance of upper lip to E-line is 0.0mm, lower lip to E-line is 1.4mm. 4. The mean value of the EI is $153.8^{\circ}$.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to describe growth changes of soft tissue profile in koreans with normal occlusion and to get differences between male and female. The biennial serial cephalometric radiographs of 26 samples (15 males, 11 females) with normal occlusion from 8.5 years to 18.5 years of age were used in this study. The following results were obtained : 1. Both sexes had lower facial parts more protruded at 18.5 years of age than 8.5 years of age : in total facial convexity angle, male showed a decrease(P<0.01) and female showed no significant difference(P>0.05). 2. In the growth changes of soft tissue thickness, male outgrew female in the areas of nose and upper and lower lips, and female outgrew male in the pogonion area 3. In the growth changes of upper facial height and upper part of lower facial height, male's was higher than female's growth (P<0.05). 4. The ratio of the upper facial height over the lower facial height showed a decrease at 18.5 years of age than 8.5 years of age(P<0.01). The ratio of upper vs lower part of lower facial height and that of upper lip height vs lower lip height showed no significant difference(P>0.05). 5. Male showed a sustained change into older age compared with female in soft tissue profiles.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of foliar application of ethychlozate and ethyclozate mixed with different calcium formulae (clef-non, suical, cell-bine, and calcium acetate monohydrate) on the fruit quality and peel puffing of 'Miyagawa Wase' satsuma mandarin cultivated in a plastic film house. Foliar application of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non or suical showed a result that the 'a' value of peel chromaticity was increased, which are supposed to accelerate peel coloration without peel puffing. The reducing sugar levels of fruits in control, ethychlozate, ethychlozate+celef-non, ethychlozate+suical, ethychlozate+cell-bine, and ethychlozate+calcium acetate monohydrate treatment were 4.98, 5.30, 5.59, 5.00, 5.20, and 4.27%, respectively. Especially, in the case of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non, the reducing sugar level was 0.61% higher than that of control. Sucrose and total sugar content also had a similar trend as that in the reducing sugar contents. The sugar contents of fruits in various ethychlozate treatments mixed with different calcium formulae except those in ethychlozate treatment or ethychlozate treatment mixed with calcium acetate monohydrate were higher than $12^{\circ}Brix$. Especially, the treatment of ethychlozate treatment mixed with clef-non showed the highest sugar content with $12.7^{\circ}Brix$. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity also showed the similar tendency, but there was no significant difference in acidity among the treatments.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.147-156
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• 1999

Skeletal Cl III malocclusion is an orthopedic appliance mainly used for growing children with maxillary undergrowth, which largely entails skeletal Cl III malocclusion. It improves anterior crossbite and maxillary position and thus, enables patients to attain favorable Profile but often involves unfavorable profile with protrusive upper and lower lips. Therefore, if orthodontists have knowledge of which condition helps obtain favorable occlusion and profile, they are able to predict the prognosis and limitation of the treatment. This study was done in order to help obtain favorable Profile after treating growing skeletal Cl III children. In the study, we classified childern into two groups, the one with favorable profile(Group 1, n=12) and the other with unfavorable profile(Group 2, n=14) and, with retrospective study using pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalogram, drew the following conclusions. 1. As patients had more serious labioversion of upper incisors, they were more unlikely to have favorable profiles after the treatment. Protrusion of prosthion, which was related with maxillary incisors, also affected profiles. 2. As the NL-ML angle before the treatment was small, it was more likely to get favorable profile. 3. As the degree of lower lip protrusion was high, it was likely to have bialveolar protrusion after the treatment. 4. As the degree of downward and backward rotation of mandible was high, it was likely to get unfavorable profile.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-282
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the nasolabial angle changes between closed lip position at centric occlusion and relaxed lip position at which the bite is open so that the lips do not touch and to elucidate the significance of the relaxed lip position for dentofacial diagnosis. Methods: The subjects consisted of 60 (35 Males, 25 Females) skeletal Class III malocclusion adult patients (mean age 23.3 years) with anterior crossbite. Results: In Class III malocclusion adult patients, there were significant differences in the nasolabial angle changes between closed lip position and relaxed lip position. Using the cluster analysis, the subjects were divided into three groups according to the pattern of nasolabial angle change: Group 1 (N = 27, 45%, $-8\;{\sim}\;1$), Group 2 (N = 30, 50%, $2^{\circ}\;{\sim}\;17$), and Group 3 (N = 3, 5%, over 18). Conclusion: The results showed that the pattern of the nasolabial angle change between closed lip position and relaxed lip position varies in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients. Thus, relaxed lip position should be taken into account when diagnostic records are obtained and analyzed to accurately to evaluate the facial soft tissues and predict facial esthetics after surgical-orthodontic treatment.