• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.902-907
• /
• 2000

Protamine-strong basic protein was prepared from salmon(chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta) sperm by several pretreatment method. And there were determined yield, amino acid composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of protamine on each pretreatment condition. The yield of protamine was different according to pretreatment, and ultrasonicating, homogenizing and microwaving pretreatment were about 16.0%, 15.5% and 10%, respectively. The main amino acid of P60(microwaving pretreatment for 10 min at $80^{\circ}C$) and UU6(ultrasonicating pretreatment for 60 min at $20^{\circ}C$) were arginine, proline and tryptophan, and arginine content of P60 and UU6 were 61%, 53%, respectively. On the other hand, main amino acid of M(homogenizing pretreatment by mixer) were methionine, proline and arginine, the content were 34%, 28% and 11%, respectively. Also MC(homogenizing pretreatment with $H_{2}SO_{4}$ soln. by mixer) was very different with P60, UU6 and M, the content of MC were proline 44.8% and arginine 39.7%. Prepared protamines showed antimicrobial activity to several gram(+) and gram(-) strain. In particular, the UU6 and P60 protamine has strong antimicrobial activity to Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, and the activity was increased with concentration increasing. Regardless of pretreatment method, all protamine showed antioxidant activity and the $EDA_{50}$ of P60, UU6, M and MC were $101\;{\mu}g/mL$, $410\;{\mu}g/mL$, $523\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $490\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.31 no.9
• /
• pp.867-872
• /
• 1998

Background: The fixed dose regimen with activated coagulation time(ACT) is the most commonly employed method for determining the required dosage of heparin and protamine during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB). Material and Method: We performed a prospective study on a fixed dose regimen for analyzing adequate dosages of heparin and protamine, the incidence of heparin resistance and heparin-induced thrombocyt openia, factors affecting ACT during CPB, and changes of ACT during aprotinin usage. 300 units/kg of heparin were administered to patients, and ACTs were measured after 5 mins. ACTs were checked at 10 mins and 30 mins after the onset of CPB, and then at 30 min intervals thereafter. If the measured ACT was under 400 secs, we added 100 units/kg of heparin. The heparin was reversed with 1 mg of protamine for each 100 units administered. If the measured ACT was longer than 130 secs 30 mins after protamine administration or if there was definitive evidence of a coagulation defect, we administered a further 0.5 mg/kg of protamine. Result: We studied 80 patients(50 adults and 30 children) who underwent open heart surgery(OHS) at Seoul National University Hospital. Preoperative ACT was 114.3${\pm}$19.3 secs in adults, and 119.5${\pm}$18.2 secs in children. There were no differences in preoperative ACT due to age, body weight, body surface area, or sex. The preoperative ACT was not influenced by a positive past history of OHS. Ten adults(20%) and 3 pediatric patients(10%) needed additional doses of heparin to maintain the ACT above 400 secs. Additional protamine administration was needed in 9 adults(18%) and 10 children(33%). Heparin resistance was found in only two adults. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was detected in 2 adults and 1 child. During CPB, ACT was prolonged. 12 adult patients received a low dose of aprotinin and showed longer celite activated ACT compared to the control group.The kaolin activated ACT showed a lower tendency than the celite activated ACT in aprotinin users. Conclusion: In conclusion, fixed dose regimen of heparin and protamine can be used without significant problems, but the incidence of need of additional dosage remains unsatisfactory.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.954-958
• /
• 2000

배경: 헤파린표면처리 도관(Heparin-coated circuit: HCC)이 도관과 혈액사이의 반응(Blood-marterial reaction)을 줄여주어서 보체활성화(complement activation), 백혈구활성화(leukocyte activation)와 사이토킨 분비(cytokinerelease)등을 감소시켜 준다. 그러나 HCC가 수술 후에 출혈 양을 줄여주고 헌혈 필요량을 감소시켜 준다는 임상적 효과에 대해서는 인정된 부분이 많으나 아직까지 그 기전은 대부분은 미지의 상태로 남아있는 것이 사실이다. 본 연구는 HCC를 사용한 군(Group H)과 사용하지 않은 군(Group C)간에 심폐기 사용기간(Pumptime), 활성화 응고시간(activated clotting time: ACT)과 헤파린 사용량을 비교 분석해 봄으로서 두 군간에 존재할 수 있는 헤파린 사용량을 비교 분석해 본으로서 두 군간에 존재할 수 있는 헤파린 사용량 차이에 대하여 알아보려고 하게되었다. 대상 및 방법: 본원에서 1999년 5월 1일부터 동년 12월 31일 사이에 연령이 16세 이상인 환자에서 HCC를 사용했던 16명(Group H)과 사용하지 않았던 19명(Group C)을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자에서 수술 전 체중, 신장, 체표면적, 심폐기 사용시간(pumptime), 수술 중 최저체온, 대동맥 차단시간(Aortic cross clamping time. ACC time), ACT, 헤파린 및 프로타민 사용 양 등을 조사하였다. 결과: 연구대상 환자의 연령, 체중, 신장, 체표면적, 대동맥차단 시간, 체온 등은 HCC를 사용한 군(H 군)과 사용하지 않은 군(C군)간에 의미 있는 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 헤파린 공급 전, 공급 후 20분, 40분, 60분과 프로타민 공급 후 20분에 측정한 ACT는 두 군간에 의미 있는 차이가 없었다. 두 군간의 처음에 공급한 헤파린 양과 총 프로타민 사용량은 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), 추가 공급한 헤파린 양(11$\pm$30 versus 67$\pm$49mg, p<0.05)과 총 헤파린 사용량(176$\pm$44 versus 239$\pm$70mg, p<0.05)은 H군에서 의미 있게 적게 나왔다. 두 군간에서 심폐기 사용시간에는 차이가 없었으면서 H군에서 약 38%정도의 헤파린을 적게 사용하였다. 결론: 결론적으로 HCC의 사용으로 심폐기 사용 시간과 상관없이 추가하는 헤파린 양을 줄임으로서 총 헤파린 사용량을 줄여 줄 수 있었으며 이것이 HCC의 임상적 효과를 나타나게 하는 하나의 요소로 작용할 수 있다고 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.113-125
• /
• 2018

Purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting the production of antibacterial substances and histamine in rennet curd prepared by inoculation of histamine-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and probiotic LAB. Probiotic Lactobacillus sakei PIL52 and Lactobacillus plantarum FIL20 produced strong antimicrobial agents against histamine-producing bacteria Lactobacillus brevis LAS129, Enterococcus faecium SBP12, and Enterococcus faecalis SBP58. The lactic acid and crude bacteriocin produced from the probiotic LAB inhibited histamine-producing bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. As the number of probiotic LAB inoculated for the production of rennet curd increased, the antibacterial activity against histamine-producing bacteria was elevated due to the increased amount of lactic acid and crude bacteriocin in the sample. The growth of probiotic LAB as well as histamine-producing bacteria was inhibited by addition of 10% NaCl, thus the antibacterial substances and histamine contents in rennet curd were significantly lower than those of the control (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the histamine content was not significantly increased when the rennet curd prepared by mixing probiotic LAB and histamine-producing bacteria was stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. However, the amount of histamine detected in the rennet curd was significantly (P < 0.05) increased because the antibacterial activity of the bacteriocin produced by the probiotic LAB was decreased at $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.70-80
• /
• 1998

해양자원으로부터 상업적인 가치를 지니는 천연물질들을 획득하는 것은 일본의 수산업에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 일본에서는 해양자원의 부산물을 이용하여 다양하고 많은 상업적인 제품들을 성공적으로 개발하고 있다. 키틴, 키토산, 어유, 액정(liquid crystal), 프로타민(protamine, 식품에 향균제로 사용되며 물고기의 고환으로부터 얻음), 어류양식장에서 사용하는 성장호르몬, 해양생물로부터 추출하는 몇가지 의약품 등이 대표적인 예이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.560-564
• /
• 2000

Background; Aprotinin, which is a nonspecific serine protease inhibitor, has an antiinflammatory and thrombogenic effect. However, it has an antithrombogenic effect during the cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was performed to evaluated the effects of aprotinin on the activated clotting time(ACT) and the total amount of the heparin used during the cardiopulmonary bypass. Marterial and Method; From December 1998 to November 1999, 82 consecutive patients electively underwent open heart surgery at Gachon medical school. The patients were older than 18 years. Eighty two patients were classified into a control group(group C, n=36) and a aprotinin-treated group(group A, n=46). Body weight, height, body surface area(BSA), pump time(PT), aortic cross clamping time(ACCT), and body temperature(BT) were determined. Total amount of heparin and protamine during the CPB were also measured. ACT was determined before heparin administration, at 20, 40 and 60 minutes after heparin administration, and after protamine administration. Result; No significant differences were noted in either group in body weight, height, BSA, BT, and the total amoun of heparin and protamine. Group A demonstrated a significant(p <0.05) increase in age, PT, ACCT, and ACT at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after heparin administration. Conclusion; In summary, the use of aprotinin prime resulted in an increase in ACT. The total amount of heparin in aproinin-treated patient was similar to that of the control group in spite of having the prolonged pump time. Therefore aprotinin may reduce the requirement of heparin.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.253-260
• /
• 1991

The adequacy of anticoagulation with heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass, and precise neutralization with protamine at the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass, were important. In sixty children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, ACT and heparin dose-response curve were studied. Total dose of heparin before bypass were 2.80$\pm$0.74 mg/kg and the amount of protamine administered after bypass were 3.0$\pm$1.23 mg/kg. So protamine: heparin ratio was 1.07: l.c After administration of protamine which dose is calculated with heparin dose-response curve, ACTs were returned to normal range[mean 114.8 $\pm$13 second]. The heparin sensitivity and its half-life do not have relationship with age, weight, height, surface area and urine amount during operation. And there are too much individual variations in heparin sensitivity and its half-life. So conventional heparin protocols can overestimate or underestimate the amount of heparin and protamine. Heparin dose-response curve makes it possible to maintain anticoagulation in a safe range during bypass with adequate amount of heparin individually. At the conclusion of bypass, this curve can be used to predict the precise amount of protamine amount of protamine needed for neutralization of the heparin. But heparin dose-response curve to be used clinically, further studies will be needed about relationship between ACT and heparin level in the high range, influence of hemodilution and hypothermia to ACT and discrepancy between true adequate amount of protamine and calculated amount by heparin dose-response curve.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.457-463
• /
• 1987

The total synthesis of insulin A chain (1-21) with properly protected sulfhdryl groups of three cysteins for the correct intra and inter disulfide bond formation has been accomplished on 2-bromopropionylated 2% DVB-styreneresin support employing manually operated rotary vessel. The sulfhydryl groups of cysteins were protected with acetamidomethyl, benzyl, and benzhydryl respectively. Glutamine and asparagine were attached to the peptide chain by active ester coupling, all other amino acids were coupled with DCC/HOBT. The synthesized peptide was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-25 and gel filtration Sephadex LH-20. The final product was found to be homogeneous by HPLC, electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. The overall yield of the pure isolated peptide was 6%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.35 no.7
• /
• pp.556-559
• /
• 2002

The presense of pectus excavatum in Marfan's syndrome may complicate cardiac operation by making midline sternotomy technically more difficult and limiting the operative exposure of the heart. We operated on a 33 year old male patient with Marfan's syndrome and severe pectus excavatum who had severe mitral regurgitation and moderate aortic regurgitation with 52mm aortic root dilation. The operative field was adequately exposed through a midline sternal incision with two sternal retactors. The patient underwent Bentall operation and mitral valve replacement. The repair of pectus excavatum was performed after completion of CPB and the administration of protamin. Permanent internal stabilization achieved by overlapping of the ends of lower ribs and reinforced with sternal closure wire.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.273-285
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of antibacterial substances produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against biogenic amines-producing bacteria and the influence of culture conditions on the antibacterial activity of bacteriocin and organic acid. The bacteriocin solutions of Lactobacillus plantarum FIL20 (64 AU/ml) and Lactobacillus paracasei FIL31 (128 AU/ml) showed strong antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens CIH09 and Aeromonas hydrophilia RIH28, respectively. And the lactic acid contents in the cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) obtained from FIL20 and FIL31 strains were $107.3{\pm}2.7mM$ and $129.5{\pm}4.6mM$, respectively. Therefore, the bacteriocin solution (200 AU/ml) and the CFCS ($200{\mu}l/ml$) produced by L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the bacterial numbers and histamine and tyramine production ability of S. marcescens CIH09 and A. hydrophilia RIH28. The amounts of histamine and tyramine produced by the CIH09 strain under conditions of low initial pH (5.0) and incubation temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) was significantly reduced by treatment with bacteriocin solution and CFCS obtained from L. plantarum FIL20. In addition, the bacterial counts and biogenic amines contents of CIH09 strain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when sodium chloride (5%) or potassium nitrite (200 mg/g) were mixed with the antibacterial substances of L. plantarum FIL20. Consequently, the bacteriocin and organic acid solution of L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 can be used as a biological preservation to effectively control the production of biogenic amines by the application of hurdle technology.