• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.463-466
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• 2007

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.57-66
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• 2006

The rock consisting the Naju-Dongmunoi-Seogdanggan (Stone Stele)(Treasure number 49) is biotite granite of medium to coarse grains which might be taken from nearby area. The rock is mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar and biotite. Due to strong weathering grail peel-off and surface exfoliation are well developed. The rock surface is changed into pale brown or pale black colors according to weathering, organism and weathering product of iron band. Major deterioration phenomena are grain peel-off, surface exfoliation, cracks and damage which may be originally classified into weathering, effect of weathering product of iron band, organisms, structural unstabilities and impact.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.47-66
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• 2007

The Sitting Buddha Carved on Rockcliff (National treasure No. 201) in Bukjiri consists of porphyritic biotite granite, which was fractured by three joint sets of NE-SW, EW and NS directions. They produced a physical weathering that broke many parts of the Buddha and background. The chemical index of alteration is 59 to 61 from the major elements in the granite that was weathered into producing kaolin minerals from alteration of feldspars and biotite. With weathering degree, major element compositions increase in $SiO_2$ and MnO, whereas decrease in $TiO_2,\;{Fe_2O_3}^t,\;MgO,\;CaO\;and\;K_2O$. Change proporations of trace elements to $Al_2O_3$ increase in all transition elements, Rb and Y, whereas decrease in Li, Sr and Ba. REE pattern increases only in HREE. Particularly, a decrease in CaO, $K_2O$, Sr and Ba results in what they are effluxed to dissolve from feldspars by groundwater. The Buddha image has been deteriorated into joints, color changes, brown rusts, granular decay, microorganic smears by the such weathering causes as deformation, moisture, temperature variation and microorganic living. The moisture, which leaks along the joints in the granite, not only dissolve to decompose minerals but also grows many microorganism and is frozen over during winter. NE-SW and NS joint sets affect to seep in water during rainy days to deteriorate the image because they extend outward.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.57-67
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• 2012

The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied stone pagoda has occurred exfoliation, granular disintegration and discoloration by physical and chemical weathering factors with the major deterioration occurring due to efflorescence by salt. According to the results of SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis, salts consists of gypsum, taranakite. Artificial salt weathering tests were carried out using the same type of rocks as those in the stone pagoda. The test results showed that efflorescence occurred on the surface of the rock, and that exfoliation and granular disintegration occurred inside the rock due to salt crystallization.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.99-112
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• 2011

The three-storied stone pagoda located in Seungansaji temple site consists mainly of medium to fine-grained biotite granite and granitic gneiss, and partly macrocrystalline gneiss, muscovite gneiss and gabbro. The surface of the stone pagoda is extensively colonized by lichen and moss due to surrounding trees and lawns, and severly deteriorated. Therefore, a comprehensive deterioration diagnosis has been carried out and conservation treatment was conducted in this study. For the conservation treatment, dry cleaning is performed throughout all the surface of the pagoda for naturally grown lichen and biological contaminants using a soft brush and wooden knife. Crustose lichen strongly adhere to the surface was removed by wet cleaning using distilled water. Also, protective railings were reinstalled to an appropriate height with taking the distance from the stone pagoda into account. Finally, the ground around the stone pagoda was repaired with clay sand, and dike was installed with a natural gradient to facilitate water drainage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.24
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• pp.23-36
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• 2008

The stone Buddhas and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korea Treasure No. 797) in Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty are unique style which the Buddha faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddhas and Shrine are highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. The rock materials of the stone Buddhas and Shrine are about 47 blocks, and total press load is about 56.6 metric ton. The host rocks composed mainly of white grey hyaline lithic tuff and rhyolitic tuff breccia. In addition, biotite granite used as part during the restoration works. The chemical index of alteration for host tuffaceous rocks and the replacement granites range from 52.1 to 59.4 and 50.0 to 51.0, respectively. Weathering types for the stone Buddhas and Shrine were largely divided with physical, chemical and biological weathering to make a synthetic deterioration map according to aspects of damage, and estimate share as compared with surface area. Whole deterioration degrees are represented that physical weathering appeared exfoliation. Chemical weathering is black coloration and biological weathering of grey lichen, which show each lighly deterioration degrees. According to deterioration degree by direction of stone Buddhas and Shrine, physical weathering mostly appeared by 39.1% on the sorthern part, and chemical weathering is 61.2% high share on the western part. Biological weathering showed 38.3% the largest distribution on the southern part. Therefore, it is necessary to try hardening for the parts with serious cracks or exfoliations, remove secondary contaminants and organisms through regular cleaning. Also necessary to make a plan to remove moisture of the ground which causes weathering, and estimate that need established and scientific processing through clinical demonstration of conservation plan that chooses suitable treatment.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.56-57
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.179-183
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• 2005

• TTA Journal
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• s.152
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• pp.52-53
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• 2014

우리 주변에는 세월의 무게를 견디지 못하고 나날이 훼손되어 가는 문화재가 많다. 온도변화에 따른 팽창계수의 차이나 풍화작용 등으로 유물 일부가 떨어져 나가고, 표면의 균열 부분으로 물이 스며들면서 얼어붙었던 부분이 녹아 구조 불균형이 발생하기도 한다. 또 산성비나 대기오염과 같은 환경오염으로 산화 문제가 발생하는가 하면, 비둘기 등 조류 배설물이나 세균류 지의류 이끼류 같은 생물학적 요인으로 파손되기도 한다. 종교나 예술 활동에 따른 인위적인 훼손(반달리즘, Vandalism)도 일어난다. 자연재해로 어쩔 수 없이 사라지는 문화재도 있다. 불에 타 한 줌의 재로 변한 양양의 낙산사가 그 대표적인 예다. 낙산사는 8년 7개월의 복원 작업을 거쳐 되살아났다. 그래도 '낙산사'하면 '불'이 먼저 떠오르는 것은 천년고찰의 화재가 우리에게 상처로 남아 있기 때문이 아닐까. 한편 어렵게 발굴했지만 이미 때를 놓쳐 위기에 처한 소중한 문화재도 있다. 2009년에 발굴된 전북 익산시 미륵사지 석탑의 사리장엄구(사리를 봉안하는 일체의 장치)에 들어 있던 유리병은, 오랜 세월 공기 속의 수분이 풍화작용을 일으켜 두께가 얇아진 데다 0.04mm라는 수백 개의 미세한 조각으로 부서져 복원이 어려운 상태이다. 워낙 두께가 얇아진 탓에 살짝만 압력을 받아도 부서지기 쉬워 접합 자체가 불가능하다.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.318-320
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• 2002