• Title/Summary/Keyword: 품목조정방식

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The Rationalization through Comparative Analysis of Price Fluctuation Adjustment Method (물가변동 조정방법의 비교분석을 통한 합리화 방안)

  • Kim, Seong-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2012
  • There are index adjustment method and item adjustment method in estimation methods for price fluctuation rate of public constructions. A relevant regulation has put item adjustment method as a principle, but in most construction, contract sum adjustment has been made by index adjustment method. Hence, this study, by figuring out width and causes of the gap between index adjustment method and item adjustment method through direct comparative analysis, solved inequality caused by difference between them and suggested a rational way against irrationality of each method. For building operations of public housing construction, a detailed fluctuation rate by index adjustment method and item adjustment method of construction cost elements of the same construction, that is, direct material cost, direct labor cost and historical construction cost was estimated to analyze difference between two adjustments and establish its cause. Across the analysis, it was found that fluctuation rate by item adjustment method was estimated lower than that by index adjustment method and difference between methods for estimating fluctuation rate of quotation unit price and application of index unrelated to construction type and construction nature are main causes of the difference. This study has a significance in that, for smooth contract sum adjustment between contracting parties, it practically proved the real difference between adjustment methods by conducting comparative analysis of the difference in direct correspondence way.

A Basic Study on Effective Adjustment Method for Construction Escalation/De-Escalation Price (건설공사 중 물가변동에 따른 효율적인 계약금액 조정에 관한 기초 연구)

  • Sung, Ju-yong;Kim, Dong-jin;Lee, Min-jae
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 2019
  • The construction of a facility is an act whereby infrastructure such as roads and railways and other facilities such as housing and office spaces are constructed, and due to the characteristics of the relevant industry where such construction is carried out in a custom order method, it requires a long period of time mostly. While the construction is carried out over a long period of time, fluctuations in the price of raw materials required for the construction occur. Therefore, the cost of the construction also fluctuates inevitably. The fluctuation of the construction cost meshes closely with the profit of a constructor and the efficiency of government spending. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the construction cost at a reasonable level by adjusting the construction cost rationally in order to secure the required construction quality and spend the budget efficiently. The buffer system for solving such problem is the contract amount adjustment system by fluctuations in prices (Escalation/De-Escalation). In this study, the method combining the escalation method based on the item adjustment method was suggested for an efficient contract amount adjustment method. In addition, it is proposed that there be an investigation and codification of matters not applied to government acts and regulations on contracts related to the adjustment of fluctuations in prices legally.

A Study on Improvement of Contract Regulations for Adjusting Contract Amount in Public Construction - Focused on examples of price fluctuation classification - (공공건설 계약금액 조정의 계약예규 개선방안 연구 - 물가변동 분류 사례 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Wonjei;Shin, Manjoong
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.82-89
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    • 2020
  • Article 64 of the Enforcement Decree of the National Contract Act The requirement of the pre-amendment statute related to the adjustment of the contract price was 5% or more of the price fluctuation rate from the date of the contract. However, the meeting requirement was changed from 5% or more to 3% or more from the date of signing of the Presidential Decree No. 19035 to 2005. 9. 8. The method of adjusting the contract amount was also changed to determine the contractor's desired adjustment method at the time of contract. Alleviating these requirements and revising the empowerment of contract partners is intended to prevent difficulties in achieving smooth objectives by applying to public construction contractors without unfairly benefiting or unfavorable to contract partners. Even if the standards are relaxed and the rights are secured as described above, if the existing provisions for the adjustment of price fluctuation are applied, unlike the original purpose of the government system, the Korea Bank's price economic statistics classification method and the contract construction classification criteria applied in public construction work Due to the inconsistency, it can be seen that the amount of adjustment for price fluctuation by construction type is excessive and underestimated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze problems through cases and to make appropriate construction cost adjustment through improvement measures.

An Improvement Plan of Contract Price Adjustment through the Problem Analysis of the Current Price Escalation Regulation in Construction Projects (현행 건설공사 물가변동 제도의 문제점 분석을 통한 계약금액조정 개선방안)

  • Park, Yang-Ho;Kown, Beom-Jun;Kim, Yong-Su
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • 2006.11a
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    • pp.435-439
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    • 2006
  • The purposes of study is to propose a new method contract price adjustment in construction projects. The research method of this study includes a case analysis and questionnaire survey. The results of this study are as follows: 1) For improvement method of contract amount adjustment, enactment for legislation pertaining to computation methods such as military's organization through total unit cost, and price flexibility computation at the point of design modification were presented. 2) Arithmetic formulas for cases in which volume is deleted or modified below the price flexibility exemption amount or in which there is no change to quantity, at the occurrence of design modification resulting from price flexibility, were proposed.

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Improvement on the Managerial Method of Price Fluctuation System (물가변동제도 운영방식 개선방안)

  • Lee, Jae-Seob;Shin, Young-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 2011
  • There are several causes to recalculate the contract amount in public construction projects. Among them, the escalation clause was introduced in 1969 and now the condition to recalculate the cost is effective after 90 days from the date of contract and the rate of fluctuation should be more than 3% from the date of bidding. The two calculation methods for the rate of fluctuation are item-adjustment and index-adjustment. According to the results of investigation into 4 public institutions and 163 projects, all of them have used the method of index-adjustment and the rate of projects that spend over 6 months obtaining the approval of contract amount adjustment is more than 90%. The reason for spending lots of time is caused by problems of the calculation method on the price fluctuation rate. Therefore, it is necessary that the calculation method should be diversified to cope with the problems and a option of the builder should be expanded as well. Furthermore, if the way to apply correction factors to construction price index and average index based on the producer and consumer price index made by the bank of Korea is added, then the duration will be reduced without additional expenses. This study proposed the diversification of the calculation method using price fluctuation rate and builders' expanded options as improvement on the managerial method of Price Fluctuation System for the prompt and efficient contract amount adjustment.

A Study on the Policies to improve the Escalating Regulations of Construction Price - With a Focus on Results of a Delphi Survey - (물가 변동에 따른 건설공사비 조정 제도의 개선 방안 - 델파이(Delphi) 설문 조사 결과를 중심으로 -)

  • Choi Min-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.5 no.6 s.22
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    • pp.203-211
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    • 2004
  • This study is the results to survey on the problems and improvable Policies for current escalation system in construction contracts, through a Delphi survey to experts. From the survey results, it is desirable to decide the fluctuation rate of construction cost, which is the requirement of escalation clause, on the basis of inflation rate or construction cost index. The desirable price fluctuation rate is proposed as a $3\%$ level. However, it is difficult for construction companies to cope with the sudden increase of material price in advance, arising from short-term shock factors such as exchange rate and international raw material's price. Accordingly escalation system for specified materials, as an exceptional mode, should be introduced. As a method to calculate the fluctuation rate, ARCA(adjustment rate for the categories of articles) is more desirable than ARI(adjustment rate for an index), because the ARCA can be more reflected the characteristics of each construction work.To rationalize the ARI method, it is needed to announce the wage index, material index and machinery expense index via detailed classification by construction types. Also, it is desirable to prescribe the bidding date as a starting date of the price change, rather than contact signing date. considering the price change can happen since the biddiilg stage.

Successful Case Study of LG Electronics in German Refrigerator Markets (LG전자의 독일 냉장고시장 진출 성공 사례)

  • 이장로;김용규
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.79-93
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    • 2000
  • 본 사례는 LG 전자가 독일시장에 진출하여 냉장고 사업 부문에서 성공적인 마케팅 활동을 소개하고 있다. 사례연구의 주요 내용은 LG 전자가 1970년대 독일시장에 OEM(주문자 상표 부착방식)으로 유럽에 진출하여 1980년에 유럽최초의 판매법인을 설립하여 경영활동을 하던 중 1990년대 경영위기를 맞이하여 이를 극복하기위한 구조조정 과정과 독일 가전 시장에서 성공적인 마케팅 활동의 전략적 실행의 과정을 다루고 있다. 특히 독일 가전시장에서 기존의 유수한 현지기업과의 치열한 경쟁에도 불구하고 냉장고 사업 부문에서 우수한 사업 성과를 기록하는 마케팅 전략을 3 C 와 4P 관점에서 연구하였다. 사례연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. LG는 독일의 선진 시장에 진출한 EU에 포함되지 않는 역외업체로서 독일현지시장에서 기존의 강력한 현지업체들과 경쟁하기 위하여 선택과 집중 및 차별화 전략을 실행하였다. 이러한 전략은 기업의 틈새(niche)시장 전략으로 불리어질 수 있다. 즉, 틈새 시장 전략은 후발 진출기업이 경쟁이 치열한 시장에서 주요 경쟁 기업들이 참여하지 않는 세분시장을 발굴하여 이 세분시장에 모든 가용 자원을 투입하는 전략이다. LG는 이러한 현지 시장환경에서 한국 내수모델 중 LG특유의 경쟁력이 있는 품목을 현지시장에 맞게 개발하고 이에 대한 효율적인 마케팅 전략과제의 실행으로 현지시장에서 성공적으로 진출할 수 있었다.

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Study on the effect of small and medium-sized businesses being selected as suitable business types, on the franchise industry (중소기업적합업종선정이 프랜차이즈산업에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Chang-Dong;Shin, Geon-Chel;Jang, Jae Nam
    • Journal of Distribution Research
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.1-23
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    • 2012
  • The conflict between major corporations and small and medium-sized businesses is being aggravated, the trickle down effect is not working properly, and, as the controversy surrounding the effectiveness of the business limiting system continues to swirl, the plan proposed to protect the business domain of small and medium-sized businesses, resolve polarization between these businesses and large corporations, and protect small family run stores is the suitable business type designation system for small and medium-sized businesses. The current status of carrying out this system of selecting suitable business types among small and medium-sized businesses involves receiving applications for 234 items among the suitable business types and items from small and medium-sized businesses in manufacturing, and then selecting the items of the consultative group by analyzing and investigating the actual conditions. Suitable business type designation in the service industry will involve designation with priority on business types that are experiencing social conflict. Three major classifications of the service industry, related to the livelihood of small and medium-sized businesses, will be first designated, and subsequently this will be expanded sequentially. However, there is the concern that when designated as a suitable business type or item, this will hinder the growth motive for small to medium-sized businesses, and designation all cause decrease in consumer welfare. Also it is highly likely that it will operate as a prior regulation, cause side-effects by limiting competition systematically, and also be in violation against the main regulations of the FTA system. Moreover, it is pointed out that the system does not sufficiently reflect reverse discrimination factor against large corporations. Because conflict between small to medium sized businesses and large corporations results from the expansion of corporations to the service industry, which is unrelated to their key industry, it is necessary to introduce an advanced contract method like a master franchise or local franchise system and to develop local small to medium sized businesses through a franchise system to protect these businesses and dealers. However, this method may have an effect that contributes to stronger competitiveness of small to medium sized franchise businesses by advancing their competitiveness and operational methods a step further, but also has many negative aspects. First, as revealed by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, the franchise industry is contributing to the strengthening of competitiveness through the economy of scale by organizing existing individual proprietors and increasing the success rate of new businesses. It is also revealed to be a response measure by the government to stabilize the economy of ordinary people and is emphasized as a 'useful way' to revitalize the service industry and improve the competitiveness of individual proprietors, and has been involved in contributions to creating jobs and expanding the domestic market by providing various services to consumers. From this viewpoint, franchises fit the purpose of the suitable business type system and is not something that is against it. Second, designation as a suitable business type may decrease investment for overseas expansion, R&D, and food safety, as well negatively affect the expansion of overseas corporations that have entered the domestic market, due to the contraction and low morale of large domestic franchise corporations that have competitiveness internationally. Also because domestic franchise businesses are hard pressed to secure competitiveness with multinational overseas franchise corporations that are operating in Korea, the system may cause difficulty for domestic franchise businesses in securing international competitiveness and also may result in reverse discrimination against these overseas franchise corporations. Third, the designation of suitable business type and item can limit the opportunity of selection for consumers who have up to now used those products and can cause a negative effect that reduces consumer welfare. Also, because there is the possibility that the range of consumer selection may be reduced when a few small to medium size businesses monopolize the market, by causing reverse discrimination between these businesses, the role of determining the utility of products must be left ot the consumer not the government. Lastly, it is desirable that this is carried out with the supplementation of deficient parts in the future, because fair trade is already secured with the enforcement of the franchise trade law and the best trade standard of the Fair Trade Commission. Overlapping regulations by the suitable business type designation is an excessive restriction in the franchise industry. Now, it is necessary to establish in the domestic franchise industry an environment where a global franchise corporation, which spreads Korean culture around the world, is capable of growing, and the active support by the government is needed. Therefore, systems that do not consider the process or background of the growth of franchise businesses and harm these businesses for the sole reason of them being large corporations must be removed. The inhibition of growth to franchise enterprises may decrease the sales of franchise stores, in some cases even bankrupt them, as well as cause other problems. Therefore the suitable business type system should not hinder large corporations, and as both small dealers and small to medium size businesses both aim at improving competitiveness and combined growth, large corporations, small dealers and small to medium sized businesses, based on their mutual cooperation, should not include franchise corporations that continue business relations with them in this system.

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Development Strategies for Local Assemblers of Agricultural Products (농산물 산지유통인의 제도권 편입 방안)

  • Kim, Dong-Hwan
    • Journal of Distribution Research
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2011
  • Local assemblers of agricultural products perform important distribution functions such as providing sales outlets, labor forces, market information, and financing, forward contracting, farming, physical distribution, and etc. However, their business activities are not transparent and producers are not effectively protected from unfair practices done by local assemblers. In order to enhance transparency and to increase effectiveness of governmental policies, local assemblers, which are mostly private management, should be organized as corporations. In order to organize corporations, the government should emphasize the importance of education and should provide corporations with governmental funds for improvement of agricultural distribution. Corporations should be developed to marketing cooperatives in the long run, and are requested to form their federations. It is also necessary to have transparent forward contracting system by local assemblers. In order to have transparent system, producers and local assemblers are guided to use standard contract forms and to operate offices handling unfair trade practices by local assemblers. We also need a place to exchange forward contracts, which can be developed to a futures market in the long run. In summary, local assemblers of agricultural products, which are mostly private management, should be developed to corporations and be operated by a transparent manner in order to protect agricultural producers and increase efficiency of trading.

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