• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.263-271
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• 2016

The market size of the bone absorptiometric X-ray system and the number of its approval by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) has annually increased, with a trend of increasing aging population and osteoporosis patients. For approval of manufactured or imported medical devices in Republic of Korea, it is required to submit its technical document. Therefore, it is need to develop the technical document guideline for the bone absorptiometric X-ray system for manufacturers, importers and reviewers. First of all, the technical documents which were already approved were examined and analyzed through MFDS approval administration system. Second, safety and performance test standards and methods that match international standards were drawn after conducting survey of the market status and the technology development trend for it, with examination and analysis of applicable domestic and overseas standards. Third, by operating industry-research-government cooperation, the guideline draft on writing technical document for the bone absorptiometric X-ray system was discussed, collecting their opinion. As a result, it is suitable to international and domestic condition, includes test evaluation methods and offer various information with appropriate examples to civil petitioner, when they write the technical documents.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.153-176
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• 2018

Since entering into force on June 1st, 2007, the Korea·ASEAN FTA has had great strategic importance as it represents a massive export market for Korea. For more than 10 years since its implementation, the trade in both goods and services have greatly increased, and ASEAN has become the second largest export market for Korea. However, Korea's FTA utilization rate for exports is approximately 46%, which is far lower than the average rate of 72% for all FTAs, despite several revisions. In this study, we investigate the problems causing this low rate of FTA utilization for export by analyzing import clearance disputes faced by the counterpart. Our recommended countermeasures for such disputes are : Since form requirements for C/O (certificate of origin) are important considerations for ASEAN countries, C/O needs to be written accurately. Understanding of the administrative system and regulative procedures of ASEAN countries is also necessary. Accurate HS code of importing countries must be obtained. Korean government authorities should make diplomatic effort to ease the import clearance procedures in counterpart countries and contact customs offices to facilitate communication.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 1992

1991년 현재 우리나라에는 45개의 정밀주조공장이 있는 것으로 조사되었으나, 실제 가동중인업체는 31개사 정도였다. 이들의 90년도 총 생산량은 몰드수로는 79, 980mold로 총 6,108ton을 생산하였고, 여기에 종사하는 종업원수는 1,465명이었다. 업체의 지역별 분포를 보면, 경인, 경북, 경남의 대도시 권역을 중심으로 분포하고 있고, 특히 경인지방을 중심으로 한 수도권에 전체 업체의 58%가 분포되어 있다. 기업 연령은 10년 이상의 업체가 5개사 정도이고, 전체의 74%가 5년 이하로 기업역사가 일천한 편이다. 생산규모 면에서 월산 5,000mo1d 이상의 업체는 5개사 정도 있지만, 전체의 45% 정도는 2,000mo1d이하의 소규모 공장이다. 종업원 규모는 $20{\sim}50$인인 업체가 전체의 45%로 가장 많았으며, 50인 이하가 71%를 차지하고 있다. 생산 재질별로는 주강 및 특수강 제품이 주종을 이루며, 일부 업체가 알루미늄 및 동합금을 생산하고 있다. 금번조사에서 제품의 품목별 생산에 대한 통계는 수집되지 않았으나, 주종이 valve부품, 식품, 섬유기계, 일반기계, 컴퓨터 부품 등으로 저가 제품이 주종을 이루고 있다. 정밀주조업체는 금후 정밀주조분야의 시장증대에 대한 전망을 밝게 보고 있지만, 상당수의 공장이 현재의 당면 애로사항으로서 기능인력의 부족과 함께 생산량 확보를 거론하고 있다. 또한 수입 원 ${\cdot}$ 부자재의 공동구매에는 반대의 입장을 보이고 있는 점이 특이하다.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.120-124
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• 2010

전세계에 걸쳐 우리 인간이 직 간접적으로 섭취하고 있는 곡물은 약 20억톤에 달하고 있다. 이 곡물문제가 인간의 생존권의 문제와 직결되는 관계로 세계 각국은 안정적인 곡물확보를 도모하고자 여러 가지 자구책을 강구해오고 있다. 그러나 기사이변과 생산증가를 앞지르는 소비증가로 말미암아 곡물의 수급상황은 항상 불안정해 왔고, 세계 곡물시장은 일부국가에 의해 독과점 되고 있는 실정이다. '07년 말부터 이어진 세계사료곡물의 생산량 및 재고량 감소, 식물성 박류의 수요증가, 해상운임의 급상승으로 이어진 곡물가격의 상승은 국내 배합사료업계는 물론이거니와 양축농가의 극심한 경영악화를 초래하게 만들었다. 다행히 지난 '09년 하반기 이후국제곡물가격 시세가 기상 호전에 따른 작황의 호조, 해상운임(Ocean Freight)의 하락, 생산량 및 재고량 증가전망 등의 여러요인과 맞물려 꾸준히 안정세를 유지하고 있어 사상 유례없던 고가의 수입곡물과 맞서 싸우던 배합사료 시장 및 축산농가들의 마음을 한시름 놓게 만들었다. 이에 불안정한 국제곡물가격 흐름의 이해를 돕고자, 사료용 원료로 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 옥수수, 소맥, 대두 및 대두박의 품목별 최근 시장동향과 향후 가격전망 등을 살펴보고, 더불어 향후 국내 사료 시장의 중 장기적 과제인 사료비 절감을 통한 축산물 생산비 절감 방안을 살펴보기로 한다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2022

It has great significance to estimate CIF-FOB margins of international trade. It certainly helps develop statistics on transport costs of international trade and provides basic data for econometric analysis of transport costs. It also contributes much to our standing the correlation between the margins and trade partners' geographical distance as well as one between the margins and trading products. However, the quality issue of international trade statistics renders it very difficult to derive trustworthy CIF-FOB margin estimates. Utilizing various analytical approaches, this study intended to acquire credible estimates of CIF-FOB margins for Korea's total imports and for country/product specific imports data. Major findings are as follows. First, the average of CIF-FOB margins of Korea's total imports is 7.3% and is generally declining. Second, country level analysis provides credible estimates for CIF-FOB margins of Korea's imports from four partners (Japan, the US, Australia, and Brazil). The differences in margins among these four countries are caused by geographical distance and characteristics of traded products. Third, product level analysis reveals that the margins of gold and passenger vehicles are fairly low while those of primary products tend to be high.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.691-699
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• 2020

South Korea's available water resources per capita is very small compared to global average as there is a high population on small land. Thus, it is imperative to secure water resources for the safe livelihood of the citizens. As an advanced, industrialized country, South Korean economic dependence on agricultural has greatly lowered. Unless South Korea utilizes foreign water resources, it is impossible to provide agricultural and livestock products the same as current levels. However, virtual water-related research in South Korea is still inadequate. When establishing the water resources plan, it does not consider the international trade of virtual water. This research aims to solve this issue by analyzing the international virtual water trends focusing on South Korea. Consequently, the export and import of virtual water trade was identified according to country and item for 248 countries and South Korea. According to the results, South Korea's agricultural and livestock virtual water has much higher imports than exports, which outputs with agricultural by-products being the main import. In 2018, South Korea imported 72.2 billion ㎥, which is 29 times the exported amount of 2.5 billion ㎥. The research results can be used as baseline data for establishing the national water resources plan in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2017

The study was conducted for safety evaluation of 208 kinds of residue pesticides on 200 dried agricultural products, which are distributed in Gwangju. The method of monitoring was the second of Multi Class Pesticide Multi-residue Methods in Korean Food Code, and GC-ECD, GC-NPD, GC-MSD, and LC-MS/MS were used as evaluation equipment to analyze. The residue level in pesticides were 15.5% (31 of 200 samples) and 4 samples exceeded MRLs. 4.5 mg/kg of pyraclostrobin (MRL; 3.0 mg/kg) was detected in red pepper, 1.49 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos (MRL; 0.13 mg/kg) in daikon leaves, 38.26 mg/kg of pyridalyl (MRL; 0.25 mg/kg) in pepper leaves, 0.98 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos (MRL; 0.05 mg/kg), respectively. Pesticides were found on the 15 samples among the 21 samples of red pepper which is a fruit vegetable, and this resulted in high detection rate of 71%. In addition, pesticides were detected on chwinamul, shitake, siler divaricata, daikon leaves and others within MRLs. The frequent detected kinds of pesticides were insecticide (47.6%), fungicide (33.3%), acaricide (14.3%), nematicide (4.8%) in the order named, and pesticides were methoxyfenozide > pyraclostrobin > azoxystrobin, chlorantraniprole > novaluron, trifloxystrobin in frequent order.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.466-466
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• 2011

가상수는 Allan에 의해 1993년 처음 도입된 개념으로 모든 재화나 서비스를 생산하기 위하여 사용된 물의 양( /kg)을 의미한다. 예를 들어 1차 농산물의 경우 생육기간동안 농산물이 필요로 하는 물의 양이 가상수로 사용되고, 가공품의 경우 가공과정을 거치며 소비되는 물의 양이 가상수에 포함된다. 이러한 가상수의 개념을 활용한 소비 기반 물사용 지표가 물발자국이며 이는 2002년 Hoekstra에 의해 도입되었다. 물발자국은 개인이나 지역, 집단 등이 소비하는 재화와 서비스를 생산하는데 필요한 물의 총량을 나타낸다. 우리나라와 같은 물 부족 국가에서는 농 축산물 관련 정책의 수립 시 정량적인 생산량뿐만 아니라 소비되는 물의 양도 동시에 고려할 필요가 있다. 특히 현 정부는 2015년 식량자급률 목표치(곡물자급률 25%, 육류자급률 71%)를 설정하여 농 축산물의 생산 및 수입량을 조정하고자 한다. 이러한 식량자급률의 목표치에 따라 국내 생산 및 수입량의 비율이 변화하게 되므로 국내 물발자국의 값도 변화하게 되며 이는 수자원 정책 수립 시 주요한 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 그러므로 식량자급률의 변화에 대해 단순히 생산량의 관점뿐 아니라 물 소비 절약의 관점에서의 접근이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2015년 정부의 식량자급률 목표치 달성을 위하여 각 품목별로 소비되는 가상수의 양을 정량적으로 산정하고, 국내적으로 소비 또는 절약되는 가상수의 양을 추정하고자 하였다. 추정된 결과를 바탕으로 식량자급률 목표치에 따른 생산량의 조정으로 인한 물발자국의 변화와 그 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 식량 자급률 목표치 설정에 포함된 농 축산물의 단위 가상수량과 생산량 추이, 목표 생산량 등을 조사 하였다. 이중 곡물의 단위 가상수량은 국내의 실정을 적용한 국내 연구결과를 활용하였으며, 축산물의 단위가상수량은 음용, 세척을 위한 원단위 필요수량과 소비되는 사료의 재배를 위한 단위 가상수량을 활용하여 전체 축산물의 가상수량을 산정하였다. 조사, 산정된 자료를 활용하여 2015년 식량자급률 목표치 달성을 위해 필요로 하는 가상수의 변화량과 국내적으로 소비 또는 절약되는 가상수의 양을 파악하고자 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.505-512
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• 2001

This study examined the impacts of tariff reductions on timber products in the new round of WTO negotiations on domestic timber products markets and presented the measures to minimize their impacts. Scenarios on reductions in tariffs were developed based on result of UR negotiation and prospective issues on scope of tariffs bound, base rates for negotiation, degree of tariff cuts, etc. emerged during preparatory meetings held to launch the New Round of WTO Negotiation. Korea Timber Market Model(KORTIMM) developed by Korea Forest Research Institute was used to simulate the impacts on forest products markets by scenario. It was estimated that their impacts on net imports would be much larger than those on both consumption and production. The results showed that their impacts on plywood market and on net imports of processed forest products would be much larger relatively but that their impacts on log market and on consumption and production of processed forest products would be less than 1 percent. It was estimated that log consumption would be reduced due to reduction in domestic production of processed products and thus both production and imports of logs would be reduced as well. In oder to minimize the impacts, efforts should be made to start negotiations to reduce tariffs with bound rates for bounded products and with applied rates for non-bounded products, to expand the implementation period and to maintain the status of developing country. In addition, it might be one of countermeasures to use legitimate measures consistent with WTO rules such as anti-dumping, countervailing measures and safeguards.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.177-189
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• 2010

This study investigates the perceptual differences on geographical indications among consumers, producers, and government employees. First, in terms of the recognition of the geographical indication certification mark, approximately 56% of consumers showed no experience to recognize the mark, indicating their low level of recognition. Besides, some respondents among producers and government employees indicated no experience or no recollection on the certification mark. In terms of the vitalization of geographical indications, consumers and government employees showed positive responses while producers were negative on it. Consumers and government employees attributed the reasons for the low level of vatalization of geographical indications to the low level of consumer recognition. On the other band, producers indicated that the complicated registration procedure and incidental expenses were the main reasons for this issue. Lastly, this study examined if there were significant differences on the perceived consumer preferences on the domestic and imported agricultural and processed products among the three groups. The results found that producers and government employees perceived that consumers preferred the imported products to the domestic products than customers actually did, indicating the lack of understanding of these two groups on consumer preferences on agricultural and processed products.