• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.131-150
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to find a countermeasure to the U.S. import refusals for the Korean healthcare and life sciences industry. To this end, an analysis of trends during the pandemic was conducted using the KITA Border Rejection Database, which includes information on items and types of import refusals. The reason for rejection was also analyzed according to the FDA violation codes. The degree of countermeasure for import refusals was identified by measuring the unit rejection rate (URR). The results of the analysis showed that the major U.S. import refusals for the Korean healthcare and life sciences industry had expanded from contact lenses to COVID-19 diagnostic kits and drugs after the pandemic broke out. The major reasons for import refusals were non-compliance with the Predicate Device and Drugs Act and non-approval by the FDA for products and facilities. On the other hand, the unit rejection rate (URR) of major items in the Korean healthcare and life sciences industry was measured higher than the industry average. The results therefore showed a low level of response to U.S. import refusals. The results of the analysis of reasons for import refusals by item according to FDA violation codes were as follows. First of all, the main violation for contact lenses and COVID-19 diagnostic kits corresponded to misbranding. This was often due to the fact that Korean companies did not provide the relevant notices and information required by the FDA. Many cases also failed to demonstrate a substantial equivalency compared to predicate devices already on the market. On the other hand, applications for new unapproved drugs were not accepted as they had yet to pass relevant regulations that would prove their safety and efficacy. In conclusion, import refusals for the Korean healthcare and life sciences industry were found to be closely related to technical barriers to trade (TBT).

• Mineral and Industry
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• v.27
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• pp.8-15
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• 2014

In this study, a proposal for revision of HSK Code was established on legally designated minerals and national stockpile minerals. It is difficult to exactly identify trade balances of minerals, such as lithium ore, rare earth ore, serpentine, kidney stone in legally designated minerals and ingot of indium, ferro-tungsten, ingot of antimony, granule of selenium, gallium, lanthanum oxide, cerium carbonate in national stockpile minerals because HSK Codes of them were not allocated separately. Furthermore, specific use, standard, component, type of products cannot be exactly identified in current HSK Code system. Therefore, it is makes rule to separately manage minerals which were managed by government such as legally designated minerals and national stockpile minerals. However, a proposal for revision of HSK Code system was established to comply with international standard(HS Code) and the items over a certain size(amounts : over 50 mil.$, volumes : over 5000 ton) were selected as revised subjects. Moreover hierarchies between HSK Codes were considered.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the flow of e-commerce freight transported by maritime transportation for China and to identify the characteristics of cargo by region/item for finding the ways to promote e-commerce export to China. Thus, this study analyzed the e-commerce export and import data on cargo moved via maritime transportation between Korea and China from 2015 to 1Q18, using Origin-Destination(OD) analysis and visualization techniques. The results indicated that the largest number of Chinese e-commerce cargoes were imported at Incheon Port, which has a clearance facility for e-commerce cargo. In the case of Pyeongtaek Port, e-commerce cargo imported from China has transported to Incheon Customs again, causing the inefficiency through the customs clearance process. Unlike the case of e-commerce imports where the final destination is distributed nationwide, e-commerce products exported to China through maritime transportation were found to be mainly confined to Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces, where freight forwarding companies and forwarders are concentrated. In addition, unlike e-commerce import cargoes, e-commerce items exported through maritime transportation were mainly confined to clothing and cosmetics, and export volume was also less than imports. This study provides some possible strategies to increase the volume of freight and to attract export products as follows: i) to diversify products exported to China through e-commerce transshipment, ii) to diversify export items by building the cold chain in e-commerce transport with China.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.146-156
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• 2017

In this study, the causal relationship between the main factors influencing the import of agricultural products and the changes in agricultural imports was investigated. In addition, we compared the magnitude of the impact of each factor on the changes in agricultural imports. It was found that the import liberalization rate, which represents the FTA factors and reflects the per capita GDP, the conditions of supply and demand of agricultural products in exporting countries and the changes in exchange rates, affects the changes of the agricultural products imports. However, the factors affecting the change of the imports by agricultural product category and the magnitude of the influence by each factor were different. This shows that various factors, other than the FTA factors, are compounding the changes in the agricultural imports. In the future, the market openings due to the implementation of the FTA will be further enlarged and the economic territory of the FTA will be further expanded, due to the implementation of additional FTAs, and the changes in the imports of agricultural products will cause damage to the domestic agricultural sector.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.139-154
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• 2008

The nearly 75% of animal feed materials used for livestock production are imported every year in Korea. Most of imported feed ingredients are concentrated feeds such as com, wheat, soybean, soybean meal, etc. and they are used as the source materials for the production of assorted feed. The imported concentrated feeds are high in nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the consistent import of feed ingredients may cause an increase of nutrient deposit in our agricultural ecosystem. In the current review, it was discussed with the situation of the feed importation and its nutritional composition to evaluate the nutrient load by the imported feeds onto agricultural ecosystem. The nutrient load caused by imported feeds in agricultural environment was compared with the nutrient demand for crop production. The amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported fteds in Korea were 371, 140 and 143 Ktons. And, the N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ loads excreted from imported feeds in livestock were 148, 84 and 86 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ and These nutrient loads by the imported feeds are at the percentage of N 52%, $P_2O_5$ 52% and $K_2O$ 42% in the comparison of total nutrient amounts excreted from livestock animals in Korea. The 82.3% of nutrients excreted from livestock was recycled to crop land as compost and liquid fertilizer, and the others were discharged to river after water treatment processing or disposed to ocean. Also, passing through the recycling process far the production of compost and liquid fertilizer, the amount of nutrients was reduced by the ammonia vaporization of livestock feces and urine. Accordingly, N 81, $P_2O_5$ 74 and $K_2O$ 76 Ktons in the nutrients excreted from livestock were estimated to be utilized in the crop land. Consequently, it was estimated that 44, 48 and 69 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were taken up with crops in the consideration of the ratio of mineralization, and the amounts of leached or deposited N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ in crop land were estimated to be 37, 27 and 7 Ktons, respectively. It is estimated that 12%, 34% and 48% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported feeds were used by crops, and 10%, 34% and 5% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were leached or deposited in agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, considering the leached and deposited amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ originated from the imported feed ingredients, the consistent import of feeds may gradually increase the nutrient load onto agricultural ecosystem.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.262
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• pp.94-104
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• 2015

환경부는 '화학물질의 등록 및 평가 등에 관한 법률(화평법)'과 '화학물질관리법(화관법)' 시행규칙을 공포하고 지난 달부터 시행했다. 환경부에 따르면 두 법안은 화학물질의 체계적인 관리로 사전에 안전사고를 예방하고 국민건강과 환경을 보호하기 위해 제정됐다. 화학물질의 생산 유통 등 모든 과정의 안전관리를 강화하는 것이 골자다. 우선 화평법 시행에 따라 모든 신규 화학물질과 연간 1톤 이상 제조 수입되는 기존 화학물질에 대한 등록이 의무화되고 등록 신청 기준도 강화된다. 다만 제조 수입량이 연간 1톤 미만일 경우 등록 신청 제출 자료를 정식 등록 9개보다 적은 4개로 간소화하고 등록기간도 30일에서 3~7일로 줄였다. 또 유해물질 함유제품으로 인한 피해를 예방하기 위해 생활화학 제품 15종을 우려제품으로 지정해 안전 표시기준을 준수하도록 했다. 관리대상 품목은 세정제 합성세제 표백제 섬유유연제 코팅제 접착제 방향제 탈취제 방청제(금속부식 방지제) 김서림방지제 물체염탈색체 문신용염료 소독제 방충제 방부제 등이다. 화관법에서는 유해 화학물질 취급 때 공통 적용되는 46개 준수사항을 규정하고 물질별로 구체적인 취급기준을 고시하도록 했다. 취급시설의 설치 관리기준도 시설 종류별로 구체화했다. 새로 도입되는 장외 영향평가는 취급시설 설치자가 화학사고 발생 시 사업장 주변지역 사람이나 환경에 미치는 영향을 사전에 평가해 시설을 안전하게 설계 설치하도록 규정했다. 과징금과 행정처분 기준도 구체화했다. 행정처분은 2년 내 위반 횟수에 따라 경고 개선명령 영업정지 허가취소로 차등화하고 사고가 일어나면 사상자와 사업장 밖 피해액을 기준에 따라 산정해야 한다. 본 고에서는 두 법률의 주요 내용과 함께 주요 문의 사항을 살펴봄으로써 이해를 도우고자 했다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3-54
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• 1995

외환(外換) 및 자본자유화(資本自由化)의 진전에 따라 환율(換率)의 변동폭이 커지면서 환율(換率)이 국제수지(國際收支)에 미치는 영향에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 환율(換率)이 국제수지(國際收支)에 미치는 효과는 일차적으로 우리나라 수출입함수(輸出入函數)의 가격탄력성(價格彈力性)에 의해 결정되므로 정확한 탄성치(彈性値)를 추정하는 일은 이론적으로나 정책적으로 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본고에서는 우리나라 수입함수(輸入函數)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄성치(價格彈性値) 추정에 있어서 사용 가능한 두가지의 가격지수(價格指數), 즉 수입단가(輸入單價)와 수입물가(輸入物價) 중 어느 것을 사용하는 것이 바람직한 것인지를 살펴보고 이중 이론적으로 우월한 지수를 이용하여 수입함수(輸入函數)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄성치(價格彈性値)를 추정하고자 하였다. 분석으로부터 얻는 중요한 결론(結論)은, 우리나라의 경우 수입함수(輸入函數)의 분석에 있어서 수입단가(輸入單價)보다는 수입물가(輸入物價)를 이용하는 것이 더 적합하리라는 점이다. 이는 또한 우리나라 실질(實質)GNP의 추계에 있어서 현재의 수입단가(輸入單價) 이용방식에서 수입물가(輸入物價) 이용방식으로 편제방법을 바꾸는 것이 바람직하다는 것을 의미한다. 이같은 결론은 이론적, 실증적인 변에서 아래와 같은 네가지 이유에 근거한다. 먼저 이론적인 면에서는 첫째, 수입단가(輸入單價)가 물가지수(物價指數)로서 갖추어야 할 통계적 일관성을 갖추지 못하고 있다는 점을 지적할 수 있다. 즉 수입단가(輸入單價)는 어느 일정 규격조건(規格條件)의 상품가격(商品價格)을 일관성 있게 추적하는 것이 아니므로 잡다한 품질규격의 평균가격(平均價格)으로 나타날 가능성이 높으며 이러한 변에서 가격변화(價格變化)를 정확히 반영하지 못한다. 둘째, 수입단가지수(輸入單價指數)는 가격변화(價格變化)가 전혀 없을 때에도 총수입(總輸入)의 품목별 구성(構成)이 바뀌면 변동하는 속성을 지니고 있어 가격변동(價格變動) 상황(狀況)을 오도할 가능성을 지니고 있다. 다음으로 실증적인 면에서는 첫째, 수입단가(輸入單價)를 이용한 수입함수(輸入函數)에서는 가격변수(價格變數)의 계수(係數)가 이론상 기대되는 것과는 반대되는 부호를 가짐으로써 수입함수(輸入函數))로서의 기본적인 요건을 만족시키지 못하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 둘째, 단가지수(單價指數)를 이용한 경우 소득(所得)과 상대가격(相對價格)을 회귀변수로 하는 수입함수(輸入函數)에서 장기안정적인 균충관계(均衝關係)가 존재하지 않은 것으로 판명되었다. 반면 수입물가(輸入物價)를 이용한 수입함수(輸入函數)에서는 각 변수의 계수(係數)가 이론적 기대치에 부합하였으며 장기안정적인 균충관계(均衝關係)가 성립하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 한편 미국에서는 수출입단가지수(輸出入單價指數)의 문제점에 대한 오랜 연구 결과, 1989년부터 단가지수(單價指數)의 편제를 아예 중단하는 조치를 취한 바 있으며, GNP추계에 있어서도 종래의 수출입단가(輸出入單價) 대신 수출입물가(輸出入物價)를 이용하는 방식으로 그 편제방법을 변경한 바 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.231-241
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• 2009

Trade specialization index, import market share, unit value index, market comparative advantage index have been applied to compare the competitiveness of forest products in Korean and European markets for the case of Korea-EU FTA. The results say that no items of non-timber products would show a surge of imports as a result of FTA. Timber products, however, such as non-coniferous plywood, continuously shaped wood (non-coniferous), densified wood, wood wool and flour, other (plywood), other (particle board, 441039)), other (fiberboard), oriented strand board (other), other (particle board, 441090), other (particle board, 441031), Prefabricated buildings of wood, fibreboard (of a density exceeding $0.5g/cm^3$ but not exceeding $0.8g/cm^3$), wooden frames (for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects) and wood marquetry and inlaid wood are expected to increase of their imports by eliminating tariffs. For Korean exports no items of non-timber products have competitiveness in European market. For Korean pyroligneous liquid, which is the only competitive timber product in EU market in terms of MCA and TSI, it is difficult to decide whether it has competitiveness, since the actual exports have taken place occasionally during a period of last five years.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.380-385
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the contents of sulfites in 2, 770 dried marine products in Seoul Chung-Bu market from March to October in 1999. Sulfites of the samples were determined by Zn powder reduction method and Monnier-Williams's modified method. Eight samples of 2, 770 (0.29%) were detected over 30ppm in SO2 contents by Monnier-Williams's modified method. In samples detected over 30ppm, six dried filefishes(130.2~573.4ppm) were imported from Vietnam, same kind of other one(114.2ppm) was from China and the other one Alaska pollack(196.3ppm) was domestic. By Zn powder reduction method, 259 dried marine products (259/2, 770=9.35%) were positive reaction (1-30ppm). These were 93 dried shrimps, 53 filefish meats, 34 dried squids, 33 slices of dried pollacks and 17 sea mussel meats. So sulfites must be use commonly to prevent black spot and preserve for many dried shrimps, filefishes meats, dried squids etc. According to results, the quality test for the imported dried marine products must be reinforced to supply safety food for the citizens.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.1 s.55
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Through mapping the HS code to category of Korean legal system, Korean cosmetic market in 2004 was as fellow; domestic demand size (=production-export+import) is 3,272 billion Won that was decreased 5.6% compared with previous year. The sum of production and import of cosmetics are decreased 0.6% and 4.4%, respectively, compared to last you, but that of import is increased 55.7% dramatically. Among the export items, the amounts of shaving and hair treatment exhibit high growth rates. The fragrances, hair dye and make-up products show huge negative growth rates, but baby product and nail care grow positively in domestic demand records. Market share of imported product is overall 17.8%. Fragrances, hair dye and bath product share large market, respectively.