• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.151-162
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• 1991

This study aims to improve the positioning accuracy by analizing the accuracys of three dimensional positioning according to various data types and preprocessing levels of SPOT imagery and the acquisition method for ground control points, and to develop the three dimensional positioning algorithm and program. In this study, the optimum polynomials of exterior orientation parameters according to each preprocessing levels (level 1B; 15 variables, level 1AP, 1A; 12 variables) are determined. As a results, the accuracy of level lAP is the best in the results of analysis about the accuracy of positioning, but level 1A which is digital image data form also shows similar positioning accuracy. Also, in level 1A image which have different acquisition method for ground control points, the accuracy of three dimensional positioning is highly improved. But, in case of low accuracy of ground control points, only introduction of additional parameters does not effect to the improvement of accuracy. Therefore simultaneous adjustment including blunder detection method should be adopted.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.157-165
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• 1992

IMS, a precision coordinate measuring system using theodolites, is being used to survey and align precision mechanical structures. Compared to conventional mechanical devices for precision measurement, such as CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine), the target objects of IMS have little limitations in their sizes and shapes, and can be measured in place. Also since IMS displays the coordinate values in real-time, it is possible to perform measurement and alignment of the objects simultaneously. In this paper, the elements and functions of IMS are introduced and a mathematical model of the new software, which utilizes an altered version of the 'Bundle' adjustment algorithm of analytical photogrammetry for the specific use of IMS, is demonstrated. Differences of the mathematical model of IMS from that of analytical photogrammetry are discussed by following the steps of the 'Measurement' option in the 'Main Menu' of the software. A new IMS calibration method is proposed to calculate better first approximations for the 4 unknown theodolite parameters and the coordinates of target objects. The software provides the 'Bundle' procedure for the first approximations of the unknowns before the real-time measurement. It also provides an opportunity of 'bundling' to re-adjust the collected positional data at the end of the measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1997

The size and shape of the human body has been an important factor not only in anthropology but in integration of designs aimed for daily use. Although the three-dimensional measurements have been proposed and obtained introducing new methods, there still remains many problems concerning how to analyze and evaluate the results. In this study, we have got the internal and external orientation factors, image coordinates from the ac-quired photographs, have calaulated the object coordinates through Bundle Adjustment, have matched multi-images. have drawn the object in the computer, and smoothly handled the surface of the body model using the Au-to-CAD system or graphic processing utility then we could generate the digital model of human body. The. results show that once digital modeling of the body is generated. the information which a designer needs can be acquired and the adequate calculations for many application fields can be done easily and many geometrical properties could be extracted. Therefore we propose the possibility of indirect human body measurement through digital model generation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2000

With the emergence of laser mapping systems, higher resolution DTM of urban area can be acquired and can be used to generate precise orthoimage. But, when the conventional orthoimage generation methods are applied to the area containing features with height difference such as cliffs, bridges, banks. elevated highways and buildings, they cause problems such as occlusion and double mapping. Therefore, this study proposes a new algorithm by modifying and refining conventional orthoimage generation methods. With this algorithm, areas which have occlusion are detected from the base image using camera orientation parameters and DTM. Also, detected areas are restored using alternative images which does not have occlusion in that area. This study can be distinguished from the other studies in the aspects that the proposed algorithm in this paper doesn't need information on building and that uses DTM data and orientation parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.11 no.2 s.25
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• pp.29-37
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• 2003

An approach is described for automatic measuring of GCP's image coordinates from SPOT imagery and focused on the fulfillment an automatic orientation of satellite images. For the orientation of a stereopair of digital images, firstly, GCP(Ground Control Point) should be selected and then the work for measuring of image coordinates correspond to GCPs is required. In this study, we propose the method for extracting the GCP's image coordinates automatically using an image patch for control points and auxiliary points matching. For the evaluation of measurement accuracy, a comparison between points those are extracted manually and automatically by a proposed method have made. Finally, we shows the feasibility of automatic image coordinates measurment by applying in stereo modeling for SPOT images.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.361-368
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• 2017

This study analyzes into the characteristic appearance in distintion with emotional changes toward visual forms of psychology along with character development in the 3D animation industry. In this regard, the study seeks to propose essential targets of the five emotional characters from the Pixar's animation Inside-Out to prove psychological effects to the character's visual appearance. As a previous research, the study analysis the visual representations oriented toward both emotional facial expression and emotional color expression using both Paul Ekman and Robert Plutchik's human basic emotion research. The purpose of this study is to present the visual guideline of emotional character's appearance through the various human expression for differentiated character development in animation production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.32 no.4_1
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• pp.293-298
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• 2014

Recently, the direct georeferencing has been becoming a common method in the aerial photogrammetry. As this direct georeferencing method using converged sensor of the digital photogrammetry camera and GPS(Global Positioning System)/INS(Inertial navaigation System), more rapid and accurate aerial photogrammetry has improved following advanced performance in photogrammetry. Since the accuracy of EO parameters from the direct georeferencing is determined by GPS/INS accuracy, it is significant to calculate the exact attitude information using values of INS rotations. For following calculations, the misalignment, such as INS rotation and the gap of GPS/INS, has to be decided. Because the number of ground control points are used for tirangulation and boresight calibration, those results should be different according to array and location of ground control points. In the study, those location and array of ground control points were tested to be used boresight calibration. As a result, there is no significant change of misalignment and exterior orienation parameters in the case when ground control points were at all course. On the contrarily, the difference has been shown in the case of no ground control point at course.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.447-456
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• 2003

This study investigated the method for obtaining 3-dimensional terrain information on inaccessable areas by evaluating geometric accuracy of the EOC pass image and scene image acquired from the KOMPSAT-1 satellite. For this purpose, the following four experiments were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the KOMPSAT-1 EOC satellite data. 1) Calculation of ground coordinates by using ancillary data and image coordinates on Level 1R that were processed by the pre-processing system of KOMPSAT-1. 2) Calculation of 3-dimensional ground coordinates from the ground coordinates of stereo images calculated by using ancillary data, based on space intersections. 3) Execution of bundle adjustment by using GCP (Ground Control Point) extracted in a part of the stereo pass image (KOMPSAT-1 EOC, 1 scene size); and then, evaluation of the ground coordinates from the calculated exterior orientation. 4) Evaluation of accuracy by applying the exterior orientation calculated from 3) To the whole pass image.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.239-246
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• 2019

The drone photogrammetry is actively utilized for obtaining highly accurate spatial information and other various monitoring purposes. It is general to plan the drone photogrammetry by referring to previous experiences or cases in order to obtain the required accuracy, but the drone photogrammetry is often carried out again due to poor accuracy. Since the required spatial accuracy of the drone photogrammetry process result becomes the means of objective evaluation regardless of the type of result, it should be determined carefully. Therefore, it is necessary to determine flight height, overlap, number and arrangement of ground control point, and exterior orientation factor acquisition method in order to meet the required 3D positional accuracy for the design of drone photogrammetry project. In this study, previous study cases for the analysis of drone photogrammetry accuracy were carefully analyzed and verified by applying such cases to testing area, and design guideline of drone photogrammetry project for a small area was prepared based on the analysis result. The presented project design guideline is expected to be a great help to business practice although it is not perfect, and if the design guideline is prepared through comprehensive analysis in future, it would be possible to provide a perfect manual.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.2D
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• pp.277-285
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• 2008

X-ray images are wildly used in medical applications, and these can be more efficiently find scoliosis which is appearing during the growth of human skeleton than others. This research is focused on the calibration of X-ray image and three-dimensional coordinate determination of objects. Three-dimensional coordinate of objects taken by X-ray are determined by two step procedure. Firstly, interior and exterior orientation parameters are determined by camera calibration using Primary Calibration Object (PCO) which has two sides with embedded radiopaque steel ball. Secondly, calibration cage coordinates which is composed of two acrylic sheets that are perpendicular to X-ray source are determined by the parameters. Three-dimensional coordinates of calibration cage determined by photogrammetric technique are compared with that of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). Though the accuracy analysis, X direction which is parallel to X-ray source error values are relatively higher than those of Y and Z directions. But, the accuracies of Y and Z axis are approximately -3 mm to 3 mm. From the research results, it is considered that photogrammetric technique is applied to determine three-dimensional coordinates of patients or assist to make medical devices.